Contents

List of Maps

List of Illustrations

Abbreviations

Notes

Note on Presentation

Note on Money

Preface

Maps

Introduction

Chapter One ‘Whomever I join will (God willing) be the victor’: The Road to War

Henry and Francis: Perpetual Allies or Wary Opponents?

Henry, Francis and the German Princes

Pulling Back from the Brink (1541–1542)

‘To make the worlde newe again:’ Henry and the Emperor

The French Rearguard Action for Peace with England

Chapter Two ‘Dancing to the French Tune?:’ Scotland between England and France

Scotland and Henry VIII

The Anglo-Scottish War, 1542–1543

French Intervention, 1543

The English Invasion of 1544

Scottish Revenge, French Intervention, 1545

Chapter Three England and the Wars in Flanders, 1542–1543

Border Tensions

Watching from the Sidelines (June 1542–June 1543)

Open War: Border Conflict and Wallop’s March to Landrecies (June–December 1543)

Chapter Four ‘Fighting over the Bear’s Skin’: The Invasion of France (1544)

The Anglo-Imperial Plan of Campaign

The French Attempt to Divide Their Enemies

A Strategy in Dispute

Invasion: Montreuil

Invasion: Boulogne

French Defence Strategy

The Fall of Boulogne and French Attempts at Recapture

Chapter Five An Unequal Contest? English Military Organisation, 1542–1547

Command and Control

Recruitment and Organisation

The Flanders Campaign

By Land and Sea: The Expedition to Scotland, 1544

The Army Royal in France, 1544

Armies for the Defence of Boulogne, 1545–1546

Supply, Provisioning and Transport

Paying for War

The Panoply of War

Chapter Six The War in France, 1545–1546

The Renewal of War around Boulogne, 1545

Military Confrontation in France

Final Phase: Surrey and Hertford Face du Biez

Digging In: French and English Fortifications around Boulogne

Chapter Seven France and England Compete for Troops: The Mercenary Market, 1543–1546

France and the Mercenary Market

The Landenberg Fiasco: Henry VIII’s Quest for Mercenaries, 1544

The Anglo-French Duel in Germany, 1545

Changing Terms of Trade: 1546

Chapter Eight The Admirals’ War

The French War Effort at Sea

The Navy of Henry VIII

The Campaign in the English Channel, 1545

Chapter Nine ‘To Entreate with the Sworde in Hand:’ Imperial and Protestant Mediation (1544–1546)

England, France and the Emperor, 1544–1545

The German Protestants as Mediators

Charles V as Mediator Again, Autumn 1545

Protestant Mediation at Calais, Autumn 1545

Chapter Ten The Admirals’ Peace: The Treaty of Ardres-Guînes (June 1546)

The Need for Peace

A Mediator from Venice

Preparations

Haggling over Terms

‘He never brake in his hert nor never will:’ The Renewal of Amity

Conclusion The End of Two Reigns

Appendices

The Battle (1544)

Planning for Wallop’s Army, 1543

The Fleet for Scotland, 1544

The Rearguard, 1544

The Retinue of Thomas Cawarden (1 August–15 September 1544)

Coat and Conduct Money for the Army, July–August 1545

Hertford’s Army, January 1546

Expenses of French and Scottish Wars, 1542–1550: ‘A Brief declaration wherein are conteyned the greate and notable chardges of warres’

Estimates for the Cost of the War for Three Months from the Time of Henry VIII’s Departure from Calais, 1544 (By Richard Rich as Treasurer of the Wars)

Expenses of the Rearguard, 4 May 1544–5 November 1544

The English Garrison at Boulogne

Sir Hugh Paulet’s Account as Treasurer of Boulonnais, 13 September 1544–27 August 1546

France, Summary State Budgets 1515–1549

Annebault’s Embassy in August 1546

French Military Resources in Royal Propaganda: 1542

Bibliography

Index