Contents

List of Tables

Preface

Glossary

Chapter I Introduction: The Relationship between Culture and Politics in Indonesia

The Dangers of Cultural Research

Culture in Research on the State

The Problems of a Patrimonial Approach to Cultural Policy

The State in Cultural Research

Foucault, the State and Policy

Discourses and Culturalities

Cultural Policy Perspectives

Positions and Issues for Analysis of Indonesian Cultural Policy: Culturalities in a Postcolonial Location

Two Postcolonial Cultural Policy Tools: Authoritarian Cultural Policy and Command Culture

Structure and Approach

Part One A Short History of Indonesian Cultural Policy

Chapter II The Genesis of Modern Cultural Policy in Indonesia: Culture and Government in the Late Colonial and Japanese Occupation Periods, 1900–1945

Late Colonial Rule in the East Indies (1900–1942)

Cultural Policy for Europeans

Cultural Policy for Indonesians

Cultural Debates Amongst the Nationalists in the 1930s

Cultural Policy and a Cultural Polemic

Cultural Policy during the Japanese Occupation

The Occupying Japanese Cultural Policy Infrastructure

Japanese Cultural Policy’s Impacts and Effects

Conclusion

Chapter III From Cultural Regulation to Cultural Leadership: The Changing Uses of Culture in Constitutional Democracy (1950–1957) and Guided Democracy (1957–1965)

Politics and Governance after the War of Independence

Policy and Culture during Constitutional Democracy

Cultural Policy Debates in Four Cultural Conventions

Cultural Policy during Constitutional Democracy

Policy and Culture during Guided Democracy

The Cultural Office during Guided Democracy

Non-government Arts Organizations

Conclusion

Chapter IV The New Order as a ‘Cultural Process’: National Culture under an Authoritarian Regime

Historical Background: The Political Climate of the Early New Order Period

Culture in the New Order Regime’s Rationality of Government

The New Order Regime’s Political Discourses and Strategies

The Pan-Indonesian Arts Community and the New Order Regime

Indigenous Ethnic Cultures

Responses to Changing Social Conditions and Political Imperatives in the 1980s and 1990s

Conclusion

Chapter V New Order Cultural Institutions and Programmes: Cultural Development in a Powerhouse State

Cultural Policy Trends and Influences

Policy Making: Funding Programmes, Appointing Officials

International Connections

Cultural Policy Sectors: Archaeology, Museums, History

Cultural Policy Sectors: Languages Policy

Cultural Policy Sectors: Arts Policy

Command Culture, the Authoritarian State and Cultural Policy

Conclusion

Chapter VI Cultural Policy in the Reform Era: Ethnic Identity, Decentralization and Tourism

Political Change in the Reform Era

Immediate Impact of Reformasi: Winding Back State Control of the Arts

Decentralization and the Growing Importance of Ethnic and Local Identity Politics

Structural Change and Resistance in the Directorate of Culture

Cultural Policy in Decentralized Indonesia: The Characteristics of Regional Diversity

The Νew Public Morality in Indonesia

Cultural Policy in the Reform Era

Part Two Cultural Policy Case Studies

Chapter VII The Diverse Outcomes of Centrally Administered Culture: Cultural Parks and Arts Councils in the New Order and Reform Eras

The cultural parks

Programmes in the cultural parks

Uniformity and Diversity within the cultural parks

Decentralization and the cultural parks

The Arts Councils: From Jakarta to the Regions

Regional Αrts Councils: Riau

Regional Arts Councils: West Java

Assessing the Arts Councils

Conclusion: Uniformity, Diversity and the Importance of Local Support

Chapter VIII Making Local Culture National: Cultural Management, State Publications and Local Cultures

State-run Cultural Research and Publications

Locating Local Culture

The New Order Text: Acehnese Marriage as a National Cultural Ritual

The New Order Text: State Research Methods for Local Culture

The New Order Text: Controlling Cultural Difference

The New Order Text: Development Priorities and Acehnese Marriage Adat

The Reformasi Text: Yogyakarta, Cultural Heritage and the Child-citizen

The Reformasi Text: Learning within the Cultural Sphere

Conclusion: The Continuing and Changing Construction of Local Culture

Conclusion: Indonesia’s Cultural Policy Journey

Understanding the Cultural Policies of Postcolonial Polities

A Cultural Policy Research Framework for Indonesia

Bibliography

Index