Contents

Table of Cases

Preface

Part One The Involvement of International Civil Tribunals in Armed Conflict

Chapter One The Role of International Civil Tribunals

1.1. Purposes Served

1.2. Difficulties Encountered

Chapter Two Prior Cases Concerning Armed Conflict

2.1. Arbitrations during the 19th Century

2.2. The Hague Peace Conferences

2.3. The Post-World War I System

2.4. The Post-World War II System

2.5. Initial ICJ Cases Involving Armed Conflict

2.6. Assessment

Chapter Three Involvement of Civil Tribunals in the Current Period

3.1. The Central American Conflict

3.2. The Iran-Iraq War

3.3. The Gulf War

3.4. The Conflict in Yugoslavia

3.5. Territorial Disputes

3.6. The Conflict in the Congo

3.7. The Eritrea-Ethiopia Conflict

3.8. The Arab-Israeli Conflict

3.9. The Conflict in Sudan

3.10. The Conflict in Georgia

3.11. Italian Suits against Germany

3.12. Use of Nuclear Weapons

3.13. Assessment

Part Two The Process of Deciding Cases Involving Armed Conflict

Chapter Four Jurisdiction

4.1. The International Court of Justice

4.1.1. Declarations under Article 36(2)

4.1.2. Treaty Provisions Consenting Generally to the Court’s Jurisdiction

4.1.3. Treaty Provisions Consenting to Jurisdiction over Disputes under That Treaty

4.1.4. Cases Brought with the Specific Consent of the Parties to the Dispute

4.1.5. Advisory Cases

4.2. Other Tribunals

4.2.1. The UN Compensation Commission

4.2.2. The Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission

4.3. Assessment

Chapter Five Admissibility

5.1. Objections to Claims

5.2. Objections to Counter-Claims

5.3. Advisory Cases

5.4. Assessment

Chapter Six Provisional Measures

6.1. The Framework for Provisional Measures

6.2. Types of Provisional Measures

6.3. Relationship to Political Processes

6.4. Assessment

Chapter Seven Determining the Facts on the Merits

7.1. The Burden and Standard of Proof

7.2. Forms of Evidence

7.3. Reliance on Other Fact-Finders

7.4. Independent Tribunal Fact-Finding

7.5. Assessment

Chapter Eight Adjudicating the Law on the Merits

8.1. Contentious Cases

8.2. Advisory Cases

8.3. Articulation of the Law

8.4. What Substantive Issues the Tribunal Addresses

8.5. Interaction among Tribunals

8.6. Interaction with Non-Judicial Organs

8.7. Assessment

Chapter Nine Determining Relief

9.1. Legal Findings

9.2. Remedial Actions

9.3. Compensation

9.4. Assessment

Part Three Substantive Law Concerning Armed Conflict

Chapter Ten Resort to Force

10.1. Response to Attacks by the Forces of Another State

10.2. Support or Tolerance of Non-State Groups

10.3. Collective Response to Attacks

10.4. Necessity and Proportionality in the Use of Force

10.5. Involvement of the Security Council

10.6. Issues Not Decided

10.7. Assessment

Chapter Eleven Law of Armed Conflict

11.1. Applicability of Agreements

11.2. Conduct of Military Operations

11.3. Treatment of Persons

11.4. Responsibility for the Actions of Others

11.5. Assessment

Chapter Twelve Application of Other Legal Norms

12.1. Genocide

12.2. Human Rights Obligations

12.3. Protection of Diplomats

12.4. Commercial Agreements

12.5. Assessment

Chapter Thirteen Territorial Status

13.1. Secession

13.2. Territorial Claims

13.3. Occupied Territory

13.4. Assessment

Conclusion

Selected Bibliography

Index