Contents

pp.：  7 – 10

Acknowledgements

pp.：  11 – 12

Conventions

pp.：  13 – 14

List of Abbreviations

pp.：  15 – 16

List of Maps, Figures and Tables

pp.：  17 – 18

Chapter One Introduction

pp.：  19 – 48

1.1 Aim of the Study

pp.：  19 – 20

1.2 Background to Ryukyu

pp.：  21 – 23

1.2.1 Historical Background and Present Situation of Okinawa Prefecture

pp.：  21 – 21

1.2.2 Language Use in the Present Situation

pp.：  22 – 23

1.3 A Brief Introduction to Luchuan and Luchuan Grammar

pp.：  24 – 29

1.3.1 History and Variation

pp.：  24 – 25

1.3.2 Sociolinguistic Features of Shuri

pp.：  26 – 27

1.3.3 Linguistic Features

pp.：  28 – 29

1.3.4 Verb Morphology

pp.：  30 – 29

1.4 Data Collection

pp.：  30 – 31

1.5 Evidentiality in General Linguistic Theory

pp.：  32 – 42

1.5.1 What is Evidentiality?

pp.：  32 – 33

1.5.2 Definitions of Evidentials

pp.：  34 – 40

1.5.3 Epistemic Modality, Subjectivity and Objectivity

pp.：  41 – 41

1.5.4 Classification of Evidentiality

pp.：  42 – 42

1.6 Evidentiality in Luchuan

pp.：  43 – 46

1.6.1 Overview of Studies on Evidentiality in Luchuan

pp.：  43 – 44

1.6.2 Obligatoriness of Evidentials in Luchuan

pp.：  45 – 46

1.7 Organisation of this Book

pp.：  47 – 47

1.8 Summary

pp.：  48 – 48

Chapter Two The Direct Evidential

pp.：  49 – 94

2.1 Introduction

pp.：  49 – 57

2.1.1 Previous Studies of Evidentiality in Luchuan

pp.：  49 – 53

2.1.2 Overview of Verb Morphology

pp.：  54 – 56

2.1.3 Analysis of -n in the Literature

pp.：  57 – 57

2.2 Concept of ‘Best Possible Grounds’

pp.：  58 – 77

2.2.1 The Shared Feature between -n in Luchuan and -mi in Quechua

pp.：  58 – 65

2.2.2 The Differences between -n in Luchuan and -mi in Quechua: Verbs and Adjectives

pp.：  66 – 76

2.2.3 Clarification of the Use of -n

pp.：  77 – 77

2.3 Epistemic Modality and Evidentials

pp.：  78 – 92

2.3.1 Speaker’s Degree of Certainty

pp.：  78 – 81

2.3.2 Direct Еvidentials in Negative and Interrogative Sentences

pp.：  82 – 86

2.3.3 The Challengeability Test

pp.：  87 – 92

2.4 Summary

pp.：  93 – 94

Chapter Three Inferential and Assumed Evidentials

pp.：  95 – 140

3.1 Introduction

pp.：  95 – 95

3.2 Indirect Evidentials in the Literature

pp.：  96 – 104

3.3 The Inferential Evidential tee

pp.：  105 – 122

3.3.1 What Kind of Evidence Licenses the Use of tee

pp.：  107 – 111

3.3.2 Interaction with Aspect/Tense and the Direct Evidential -n

pp.：  112 – 113

3.3.3 Tee in Negative and Interrogative Sentences

pp.：  114 – 115

3.3.4 Reasons for Classifying tee as an Evidential

pp.：  116 – 122

3.4 The Assumed Evidential hazi

pp.：  123 – 138

3.4.1 What Kind of Evidence Licenses the Use of hazi

pp.：  126 – 130

3.4.2 Interaction with Aspect and Tense

pp.：  131 – 134

3.4.3 Hazi in Negative and Interrogative Sentences

pp.：  135 – 136

3.4.4 Assumed Evidential hazi and Inferential Evidential tee

pp.：  137 – 138

3.5 Inferential and Assumed Evidentials and the Speaker’s Degree of (Un)certainty

pp.：  139 – 139

3.6 Summary

pp.：  140 – 140

Chapter Four The Reportative Evidential

pp.：  141 – 168

4.1 Introduction

pp.：  141 – 141

4.2 The Reportative Evidential Ndi

pp.：  142 – 164

4.2.1 Evidence Licensing the Use of Ndi

pp.：  142 – 152

4.2.2 Interaction with Aspect/Tense and the Direct Evidential -n

pp.：  153 – 157

4.2.3 Ndi in Negative and Interrogative Sentences

pp.：  158 – 164

4.3 The Reportative Evidential and the Speaker’s Degree of (Un)certainty

pp.：  165 – 166

4.4 Summary

pp.：  167 – 168

Chapter Five Evidentiality as a Grammatical Category

pp.：  169 – 184

5.1 Introduction

pp.：  169 – 168

5.2 Double Marking of Evidentials

pp.：  169 – 175

5.3 Epistemic Modality and Evidentials in Luchuan

pp.：  176 – 182

5.3.1 Speaker’s Degree of Certainty in Direct and Indirect Evidentials

pp.：  176 – 176

5.3.2 Direct and Indirect Evidentials in Negative and InterrogativeSentences

pp.：  177 – 178

5.3.3 -n is an Evidential not an Epistemic Modality Marker

pp.：  179 – 182

5.4 Summary

pp.：  183 – 184

Chapter Six Conclusion

pp.：  185 – 198

6.1 Introduction

pp.：  185 – 184

6.2 Summary of the Arguments

pp.：  185 – 187

6.2.1 Main Contributions to the Study of Evidentiality in Luchuan

pp.：  185 – 186

6.2.2 Contributions to the Typological and Theoretical Study of Evidentiality

pp.：  187 – 187

6.3 Evidentiality and Aspect

pp.：  188 – 194

6.4 Mirativity

pp.：  195 – 196

6.5 Next Steps

pp.：  197 – 198

References

pp.：  199 – 204

Index

pp.：  205 – 207