Preface

List of Tables and Diagrams

Maps

Abbreviations

Terms and Explanations

Chapter One Resources, organisational capabilities and control of the sea

1.1 State formation, complex organisation and naval power

1.1.1 Introduction

1.1.2 State formation and protection-selling

1.1.3 Complex organisations in early modern Europe

1.1.4 Early modern navies

1.1.5 Naval administration and entrepreneurship

1.1.6 Technology and organisational capabilities

1.2 Sweden, naval power and the Baltic

1.2.1 The Swedish fiscal-military state and naval power

1.2.2 State formation, international relations and Baltic historiography

1.2.3 Baltic geostrategy

1.2.4 Swedish naval historiography

Chapter Two The Swedish dynastic state and its navy

2.1 Naval power and political power

2.2 From Nordic Union to a Swedish dynastic state, 1448–1558

2.2.1 Before 1521: The Oldenburg campaigns for a Baltic empire

2.2.2 The gamble for a new monarchy: The Vasa battle fleet, 1521–1536

2.2.3 Defending a new monarchy: The Vasa galley fleet, 1536–1558

2.2.4 Conclusion: Naval power and a new monarchy

2.3 The navy and Swedish empire-building, 1558–1660

2.3.1 Control of the Baltic Sea

2.3.2 Success of organisation: The Swedish battle fleet, 1558–1570

2.3.3 The navy and Sweden's eastern policy, 1570–1595

2.3.4 Dynastic crisis and increased ambitions, 1595–1617

2.3.5 The amphibious navy and the creation of the Baltic empire, 1617–1645

2.3.6 Western naval power in the Baltic, 1645–1660

2.3.7 Conclusion: The flexible navy

2.4 Defending a Baltic empire, 1660–1721

2.4.1 The failure of the aristocratic navy, 1660–1679

2.4.2 The rise of the professional navy, 1679–1700

2.4.3 The fall of the empire, 1700–1721

2.4.4 Conclusion: Organisation, dynamics, and inertia

Chapter Three Naval operations and control of the Baltic Sea

3.1 Control of the sea as an administrative problem

3.2 The War against Christian II, 1521–1524

3.3 The War against Lübeck, 1534–1536

3.4 The Nordic Seven Years War, 1563–1570

3.5 The Kalmar War, 1611–1613

3.6 The Swedish assault on Denmark, 1643–1645

3.7 The War of the Baltic Sea, 1655–1660

3.8 War and crisis in the Swedish empire, 1675–1679

3.9 The Great Northern War at sea, 1700–1721

3.9.1 Introduction

3.9.2 1700: The last Swedish amphibious attack on Sjaelland

3.9.3 1701–1709: Karl XII in Poland and Peter I at Neva

3.9.4 1709–1715: A war in the Baltic Sea

3.9.5 1716–1721: Great Britain, the Baltic powers, and the end of the war

3.9.6 Conclusion

3.10 Battles, administration and operational achievements

Chapter Four Swedish naval administration: Scope, complexity, and structures

4.1 State, society and naval administration in Europe

4.1.1 Resource flows, entrepreneurs, and bureaucracy

4.1.2 Medieval and early modern naval administration

4.2 Passing the threshold: The early phase of Vasa naval administration

4.3 The royal entrepreneurs: Vasa naval administration, 1540–1618

4.3.1 Tax-raising, the double contract, and the power of the dynasty

4.3.2 A state administrating material resources

4.3.3 A navy in a functionally organised state

4.3.4 Shipbuilding and resource extraction

4.4 Royal power, aristocratic administrators, and private contractors, 1618–1680

4.4.1 Governance through hierarchy, divisions, and budgets

4.4.2 The navy emerges as an organisation, 1618–1634

4.4.3 Administration, aristocrats, and Amiralitetskollegium

4.5 Absolutism and professionalism: Naval administration, 1680–1721

Chapter Five Warships and naval strength

5.1 Warships, naval strength, and state formation

5.2 Technology, typology, and rating systems

5.2.1 Swedish warship types

5.2.2 Swedish rating systems

5.2.3 Master shipwrights and naval technology

5.3 Shipbuilding and naval strength in a Baltic context, 1521–1617

5.3.1 The new navy, 1521–1539

5.3.2 The galley navy, 1540–1558

5.3.3 Erik XIV's battle fleet, 1559–1570

5.3.4 Johan III's shipbuilding programs, 1571–1592

5.3.5 The Civil War navies, 1593–1599

5.3.6 Administrative overreach, 1600–1617

5.4 Shipbuilding and naval strength in a European context, 1618–1721

5.4.1 Gustav II Adolf 's navy, 1618–1634

5.4.2 Stability, 1635–1658

5.4.3 The great ships, 1659–1679

5.4.4 Battle fleet, 1680–1699

5.4.5 Battle fleet, cruisers, and shallow water flotillas, 1700–1721

5.5 Armed merchantmen

5.6 The structure of Swedish naval power in two centuries

Chapter Six Cordage and canvas: Fitting out the navy

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Hemp and sailcloth

6.3 Inventories

6.4 Growing royal administration, 1521–1590

6.5 Expansion and crisis, 1591–1614

6.6 Tackel and tåg on contract, 1615–1628

6.7 A more ambitious policy: Aims and reality, 1629–1679

6.8 Absolutism and naval fittings, 1680–1721

Chapter Seven Bronze and iron: Swedish naval ordnance

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Gun technology

7.3 Gun types and calibres

7.4 Swedish naval ordnance: Production and organisation

7.5 Early Vasa naval ordnance, 1521–1557

7.6 The great expansion, 1558–1570

7.7 Stability and stagnation, 1571–1615

7.8 Gustav II Adolf and naval gunnery, 1616–1643

7.9 From bronze to cast iron, 1644–1674

7.10 A navy with cheap guns, 1675–1721

7.11 Armament weight and shipbuilding technology

Chapter Eight A peasant society at sea: Men, leaders, and provisioning

8.1 The problems and the sources

8.2 Seamen, gunners, and soldiers

8.3 Leaders

8.4 Provisioning and health

8.5 A peasant society goes to sea

Chapter Nine Conclusion: Power through Organisation

9.1 Interest aggregation and organisational capabilities

9.2 The dynamics of complex organisations and changing institutions

9.3 Resource flows and new capabilities for war

9.4 A dynastic enterprise at sea

9.5 Resources and entrepreneurship

9.6 State formation and naval power

9.7 Swedish naval power in a European perspective

Appendices

1 List of Swedish warships, 1521–1721

2 Swedish naval strength, divided in different sizes of warships, 1520–1721

Bibliography

Index