Chapter
Respect for Patient Autonomy
Resolving Conflicts Among Principles
Alternative Approaches to Medical Ethics
The Primacy of Beneficence in Medicine
Chapter 2: The Analysis and Resolution of Ethical Dilemmas
A Structured Approach to Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas
Clarification and Classification of the Dilemma
Review of Existing Information
Acquisition of Additional, Relevant Information
Analysis of the Ethical Issue
Relevant Legal and Professional Considerations
Formulate Response, Consider Criticisms, and Identify Lessons Learned
Next Steps in the Absence of Resolution
Impractical Solutions, or Failure to Consider Potential Alternatives
Chapter 3: Ethics Committees and Consultants
Approaches to Clinical EC
Maintenance of Ethics Committees and Services
Maintenance of Competencies
Skills Practice and Case Simulation
Periodic Statistical Review of Cases
Resources for Ethics Consultants and Committees
Internal Currency: Institutional buy-in
Additional Practical Questions Regarding the Structuring of EC Practice
Should an EC Be Recorded in the Medical Record?
The Reported Experience With Ethics Consultation in Patients With Neurologic Diseases
Value of Ethics Consultation
Cost Containment or Reduction
Chapter 4: Legal Process, Litigation, and Judicial Decisions
Informed Consent Doctrine
Canterbury v. Spence (1972)
Kohoutek v. Hafner (1986)
Culbertson v. Mernitz (1992)
Johnson v. Kokemoor (1996)
Howard v. University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey (2002)
Protecting "Liberty" of Patients: Roles of Physicians, Surrogates, and Courts
Withdrawing or Withholding Life Support
Cruzan v. Director (1990)
Washington v. Glucksberg (1997)
Oregon and Washington Statutes
Washington v. Harper (1990)
Sell v. United States (2003)
Ms. B v. an NHS Hospital Trust (2002)
Causey v. St. Francis Medical Center (1998)
Informational Autonomy: Protecting Confidentiality
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976)
Bradshaw v. Daniel (1993)
Tenuto v. Lederle Laboratories (1997)
United States v. Hayes (2000)
The Beneficence Principle
Moore v. Regents of the University of California (1990)
Gelsinger Litigation (Gelsinger v. Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, 2000)
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Laws
Pegram v. Herdrich (2000)
Protecting Subjects of Research: Rights and Remedies
Regulation of Clinical Research
Halushka v. University of Saskatchewan (1965)
Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute (2001)
Conceptualizing "Justice"
Defining Protectable Rights and Interests
United States v. University Hospital (1984)
Burditt v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1991)
Olmstead v. L.C. Ex Rel. Zimring (1999)
Provide Fair and Efficient Process for Resolving Disputes
Rules for Expert Testimony
United States v. Gigante (1998)
United States v. Semrau (2010)
Allen v. Martin Surfacing (2009)
Chapter 5: Law, Ethics, and the Clinical Neurologist
Interplay Between Ethics and Law
Ethics Manifested in Law – Examples Relevant to Neurology Practice
Voluntary Active Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide
Ending a Patient–Physician Relationship
Chapter 6: Religion and Medical Ethics
Theonomous Decision-Making
Spiritual or Mystical Beliefs and Values
Abstentions from Medical Treatments
End-of-life Decision-making
Defining Moral Personhood: Lifes Beginning and End
Chapter 7: Professional Conduct and Misconduct
Defining the Physician−Patient Relationship
Initiation of the Physician−Patient Relationship
Disclosure of Medical Errors
Dual Relationships and Professional Boundaries
Termination of the Physician−Patient Relationship
Relationships With Industry
Practice Models and Stewardship
Honest Dealing With Third Parties
Reporting Impaired Physicians
Chapter 8: Medical Error and Disclosure
Disclosure of Medical Errors to Patients
Why Should Neurologists Disclose Medical Errors?
How Should Physicians Disclose Medical Error?
Gaps in Current Disclosure Practices
Approaches to Error Disclosure
Initiating Disclosure: What Should Be Told?
Emotional Impact of Errors on Clinicians
Chapter 9: The Good Doctor: Professionalism in the 21st Century
Defining Medical Professionalism
Three Hallmarks of Professionalism
Challenges to Professionalism
The Doctor–patient Relationship
Clinical Competence and Maintenance of Certification
The Technologic Imperative
The Importance of Structures
Commercialization: Medicine as Business
Addressing the Challenges
The 2002 Physician Charter: a Landmark Effort
Reviving Medical Professionalism
Chapter 10: Palliative Treatment of Chronic Neurologic Disorders
Parkinson's Disease and Related Conditions
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Chapter 11: Care of the Dying Neurologic Patient
Optimizing Care of the Dying
Goals and Monitoring of Care
Medication at the End of Life
Chapter 12: Withdrawing and Withholding Life-Sustaining Treatment
Distinctions Between Withholding and Withdrawing Treatment
Decision-Making Regarding Life-Sustaining Treatment: Principles
Principle 1: Patients With Decision-making Capacity Have the Right to Refuse Unwanted LST
Principle 2: when One Loses Decision-making Capacity, One Does Not Lose the Right to Refuse Unwanted LST
The Problem of Prognostic Uncertainty
The Problem of Changing Preferences
Decision-Making Regarding Life-Sustaining Treatment: Practice
Learn About the Patients Personality, Preferences, and Values
Deliberate About Which Neurologic or Cognitive States the Patient Would Consider Acceptable/Unacceptable if the States were to.
Consider the Range of Possible Neurologic Outcomes (if Prognosis is Uncertain) and Their Probabilities, Given Current Informat.
Consider the Interventions That Would Be required to Sustain Life
Deliberate About the Course of Action That the patient Would Endorse and Pursue that Course
Recent Research Regarding Forgoing LST in Neurologic Practice
Chapter 13: European Perspectives on Ethics and Law in End-of-life Care
Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment
Refusing Treatment and Advance Directives
Alleviating Symptoms at the End of Life
European Perspectives on the Value of Life
Chapter 14: Medical Futility
Terri Schiavo: A Case Report
Questions Raised By the Terri Schiavo Case
The Mythic Power of Futile Treatment
Medical Futility: A Brief Historic Tour
Establishing Standards of Practice
Beyond Futility to an Ethic of Care
The Heuristic Value of Medical Futility
Futility: the German Perspective
Chapter 15: Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Regulations of Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Arguments in Favor of Physician-assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Arguments Against Physician-assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Public and Medical-Professional Opinions
Brain Death: From a Simple to a Complex Concept and Back
Current Clinical Criteria
Personal Beliefs and Ethical Concerns
Chapter 17: Coma and Disorders of Consciousness
The Minimally Conscious State
Managing Pain in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness
Ethical Challenges in End-of-life Care
Surrogate Decision-making
Assessing Quality of Life in Severely Dependent Patients
Chapter 18: Ethical Issues in the Care of the Neurologically Devastated Infant
Professional Codes and Bioethics Reviews
Chapter 19: Ethical Issues in States of Impaired Communication With Intact Consciousness and Language
Currently Available Alternative/Augmentative Communication Strategies
Disorders That May Reduce Communication While Sparing Cognition
High Cervical Spinal Cord Lesions
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Medical Decision-Making Once Communication is Established
High Cervical Spinal Cord Lesions
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
The Right to Withhold and Withdraw Treatment
Supporting Patients Who Decide to Withhold or Withdraw Life-Sustaining Treatment
Chapter 20: Ethical Issues in the Neurology of Aging and Cognitive Decline
The Ethical Challenges of Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease
Symptomatic Disease and the Ethics of Impaired Decision-Making
Ethical Issues in Advanced Dementia
Chapter 21: Ethics in Neurodevelopmental Disability
Part I: Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
Classification and Diagnosis
Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Part II: Ethical and Social Questions in Neurodevelopmental Disability
Decision-making and Children With Developmental Disability
Respect for Autonomy in Developmental Disability
Autonomy, Shared Decision-Making, and the Transition to Adult Healthcare
Personhood, Justice, Quality of Life, and Attitudes Toward Disability
Quality of Life With Disability
Part III: Responding to Requests for Unproven or Alternative Therapies
Chapter 22: Ethical Issues in Neurogenetic Disorders
Targeted Genetic Testing (Sanger Aequencing)
Carrier Testing and Prenatal Screening
Next-Generation Sequencing (Whole Exome and Whole Genome Sequencing)
Research Diagnostic Testing
Disclosure of Results to Families
Enzyme Replacement Therapy
Chapter 23: Public Policy and Healthcare Systems
Comparing National Systems
Single-payer Healthcare Systems
Private Healthcare Systems
Hybrid Healthcare Systems
Society's Healthcare Costs
Electronic Healthcare Records
Incentive, Documentation, Value, and Quality
Chapter 24: Research Involving Human Subjects: Ethical and regulatory Issues
Sulfanilamide Experiments
Key Conceptual Foundations
IRB Structure and Operation
Approval Criteria Other than Informed Consent
Minimization of Risks to Subjects
Equitable Selection of Subjects
Data Monitoring, Privacy, and Confidentiality
Chapter 25: The Ethics of Clinical Research in Low- and Middle-income Countries
Motivations to Conduct Clinical Research in LMIC
To Redress Unmet Health Needs
To Develop Research Capacity
To Conduct Research With Simpler Regulatory Requirements and at Lower Cost
Specific Ethical Challenges of Clinical Research in LMIC
Study Design: Design of Placebo-controlled Clinical Trials in LMIC Despite Developed World Availability of Proven Effective ...
Study Design: Conduct of Studies Responsive to Health Concerns of Primary Interest to HIC
Study Oversight: Inadequate Regulatory Oversight in LMIC
Subject Enrollment: Informed Consent in LMIC
Study Conduct: Management of Subject Risk During Clinical Research in LMIC
Study Conduct: Provision of Routine Clinical Care to LMIC Research Subjects
After Study Closure: Provision of Therapies Proved Effective in LMIC Research Studies
Conflict of Interest Between Scientific And protective Priorities
Unintended Adverse Societal Effects of the Conduct of Clinical Research in LMIC: "Brain Drain"
Use of Tissue Samples From LMIC
Navigating the Ethical Challenges of Clinical Research in LMIC
Investigator Awareness: Education About the Ethical Challenges of Clinical Research In Lmic
Study Design: Conduct of Research Responsive to LMIC Needs
Augmentation of LMIC Research Infrastructure
Collaboration With Host Country Investigators and Community Leaders
Subject Enrollment: Blended Models of Informed Consent
Realistic Goals That do not Encumber Lmic Researchers With Responsibility for Fixing All LMIC Challenges
Budgetary Restrictions on Ethical Conduct of Clinical Research in LMIC
The Consideration of "Ethical Imperialism"
Chapter 26: The Ethics of Surgically Invasive Neuroscience Research
Special Considerations of Side-Effects and Harms
What Populations are We Justified in Studying and for Which Purposes?
Value-Rich Interpretations: Metrics for Success and Assumptions
Chapter 27: The Ethics of Neuroenhancement
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
Character and Individuality
Chapter 28: Neuroethical Issues in Clinical Neuroscience Research
Ethical Challenges in Neuroimaging Research: An Overview
Neuroimaging Research Involving Festnis
Ethical Challenges in Neuroimaging Research Involving Festnis
Assessment of Risks and Burdens
Risks Associated With the Scan Itself
Risks Associated With Treatment Delays
Risks Associated With Incidental Findings
Social Value and Scientific Quality
Responsiveness and Poststudy Access
Summary of Recommendations
Chapter 29: Neurologic Disorder and Criminal Responsibility
Chapter 30: Pragmatic Neuroethics: the Social Aspects of Ethics in Disorders of Consciousness
Part 1: Social Dimensions of Ethics: a Pragmatic Perspective on Neuroethics and Bioethics
Part 2: Examining the Social Aspects of Ethics in Disorders of Consciousness
The Impact of Public Understanding of Disorders of Consciousness on Clinical decision-making
Media Reports of the Case of Terri Schiavo
Other Media Depictions of Disorders of Consciousness
Understanding the Impact of Social Context and Relationships on Clinical Decision-Making
Furthering the Commitment to the Social Nature of Ethics
Chapter 31: The Nature of Consciousness
Senses of Consciousness and Self-Consciousness
The Etymology of "Consciousness" and "Conscience"
What is Meant By "Conscious"?
Consciousness as the Waking State
Consciousness as Awareness
What is Meant By Self-Conscious?
Self-Consciousness as Proneness To Embarrassment
Self-Consciousness as Self-perception
Self-Consciousness as Self-monitoring
Self-Consciousness as Self-recognition
Self-Consciousness as Awareness of Awareness
Self-Consciousness as Self-knowledge
The Neurobiology of Conscious States and Contents
The Electric Correlates of Conscious States
The Control of Conscious States
Anatomy: the Reticular Activating System
Physiology: Patterns of Neuronal Discharge and Brain Metabolism
Pharmacology: Modulation of Sleep and Wakefulness
Awareness: the "Contents of Consciousness"
Do We Know what We Experience?
Changing Experience Without Altering Stimuli
Internal and External Awareness, the "Resting State" and the "Default Network"
The Concept of Unconscious Processes
Changing Behavior Without Altering Experience
Concepts of Impaired and Altered Consciousness
Pathologies of Conscious State
A Taxonomy of Impairments
State Boundary Dissociation
Pathologies of self-awareness
Contemporary Models and Theories of Consciousness
Anatomy and Physiology: the "where" and "how" of Consciousness?
Cognitive/Information-processing Approaches
The Philosophy of Consciousness
Three Intuitions About Consciousness
Mind–Brain Identity Theory
Broadening the Explanatory Horizon
Chapter 32: Dementia and Personal Identity: Implications for Decision-Making
The "Someone Else" Problem
Is Personal Identity Really What matters?
Contemporaneous Expression of Values and Preferences
Temporally Distant Expression of Values and Preferences, Without Interval Change
Temporally Distant Expression of Values and Preferences, With Interval Change
Dementia and Concern for One's Own Future
Difficulties With Critical Interests and Precedent Autonomy
Chapter 33: The Definition and Criterion of Death
The Role of Technology in the Rise of Brain Death
The Role of Organ Transplantation
The Role of Withdrawal of Ventilator Support
The Advent of Organ Donation After the Circulatory Determination of Death
Biophilosophic Analyses and Formulations of Death
The Whole-Brain Criterion of Death
The Brainstem Criterion of Death
The Higher-Brain Criterion of Death
The Circulatory Criterion of Death
Organ Donation After the Circulatory Determination of Death
Other Areas of Controversy
Hinduism and Other Religions
American Death Laws With Religious Provisions
Ethical and Legal Issues in Neurology
：Handbook of Clinical Neurology Series 3 (edited by Aminoff, Boller and Swaab)
( Volume 118 )
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