Front Cover

Recycling and Deinking of Recovered Paper

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

1 Introduction

1.1 The Paper and Paperboard Industry in the Global Market

1.2 General Aspects of Paper Recycling

1.3 Benefits of Recycling

1.4 Statistics

1.5 Challenges for Paper Recyclers

1.5.1 Deinking

1.5.2 Adhesives

1.5.3 Limited Life Cycle

References

2 Legislation for Use of Recycled Paper

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Legislation in the European Union

2.3 Legislation in Japan

2.4 Legislation in the USA

References

3 Collection Systems and Sorting of Recovered Paper

3.1 Collection

3.2 Sorting, Handling and Storage of Recovered Paper

References

4 Process Steps in Recycled Fibre Processing

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Process Steps and Equipment

4.2.1 Pulping

4.2.2 Deflaking

4.2.3 Refuse Removal

4.2.4 High-Density Cleaning

4.2.4.1 Coarse and Fine Screening

4.2.5 Flotation

4.2.6 Washing

4.2.7 Thickening

4.2.8 Kneading and Dispersion

4.2.9 Fine Cleaning

4.2.10 Deinking Processes

References

5 System and Process Design for Different Paper and Board Grades

5.1 Introduction

5.2 RCF Stock Preparation for Newsprint and Improved Paper Grades

5.3 RCF Stock Preparation for Market Pulp Systems

5.4 RCF Stock Preparation for Fine Paper System

5.5 RCF Stock Preparation for Tissue

5.6 RCF Stock Preparation for Test Liner

References

6 Effects of Recycling on Pulp Quality

6.1 Introduction

6.2 General Effects of Recycling on Papermaking Properties

6.3 Factors Influencing Recycling

6.4 Techniques to Enhance Strength Properties of Recycled Fibres

References

7 Chemicals Used in Deinking and Their Function

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Alkali

7.3 Stabilisers

7.4 Hydrogen Peroxide

7.5 Chelating Agents

7.6 Surfactants

7.7 Dispersion Agents

7.8 Collecting Chemicals

7.9 Frothing Agent

7.10 Defoamer

7.11 Emulsions

7.12 Modified Inorganic Particle

7.13 Calcium Salts

References

8 Deinking with Enzymes

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Enzymes Used in Deinking and Their Mechanism

8.3 Developments in Enzymatic Deinking

8.4 Effects of Enzymes on Fibre, Paper Quality and Pulp Yield

8.5 Effects of Enzymes on Effluent Characteristics

8.6 Benefits and Limitations

8.7 Future Prospects

References

9 Bleaching of Secondary Fibres

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Chlorine Bleaching

9.2.1 Bleaching with Hypochlorite

9.3 Chlorine-Free Bleaching

9.3.1 Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide

9.3.2 Bleaching with Dithionite

9.3.3 Bleaching with FAS

9.3.4 Bleaching with Oxygen

9.3.5 Bleaching with Ozone

9.3.6 Bleaching with Peroxyacids

9.3.7 Direct Borohydride Injection Bleaching

References

10 Refining of Recycled Fibres

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Refining Effects

10.3 Use of Enzymes in Upgrading Secondary Fibre

References

11 Improving Drainability of Recycled Fibres

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Effect of Enzymes and Chemical Additives on Drainage

References

12 Effects of Recycled Fibre on Paper Machines

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Effects on Paper Machine Runnability

12.2.1 Performance of Enzymatically Deinked Recovered Paper on Paper Machine Runnability

12.3 Effect on Sheet Properties

References

13 Control of Stickies

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Problems

13.3 Control

13.3.1 Control of Waste Paper Quality

13.3.2 Pulping and Deflaking

13.3.3 Screening

13.3.4 Cleaning

13.3.5 Flotation

13.3.6 Dispersion and Kneading

13.3.7 Chemical Additives

13.3.7.1 Talc

13.3.7.2 Bentonite

13.3.7.3 Diatomite

13.3.7.4 Dispersants Mixed with Solvents

13.3.7.5 Zirconium Compounds

13.3.7.6 Alum-Sequestering Agents

13.3.7.7 Cationic Polymers

13.3.7.8 Surfactants

13.3.8 Enzymes

13.4 Future Prospects

References

14 Water Reuse, Wastewater Treatment and Closed-Cycle Operation

14.1 Water Reuse

14.2 Wastewater Treatment

14.2.1 Aerobic Biological Treatment

14.2.2 Anaerobic Biological Treatment

14.3 Closed Cycle in Paper Mills Utilising Recycled Fibres

References

15 Environmental Aspects of Recycling

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Environmental Benefits of Recycled Paper

15.3 The Negative Effects of Paper Recycling

15.4 Health Dangers Caused by the Use of Recycled Paper

15.5 Organochlorine Compounds

15.6 Carbon Footprints

References

16 Uses of Recovered Paper Other than Papermaking

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Biorefinery

16.3 Use of Recovered Paper in Construction and Manufacturing

16.3.1 Recycled Newspaper in Construction and Manufacturing

16.4 Moulded Papers

16.5 Recovered Paper as a Fuel

16.6 Recovered Paper for Use in Art and Handicraft

References

17 Future of Paper Recycling

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Issues and Trends Influencing the Availability, Quality and Quantity of Recycled Fibre

References