Description
A comprehensive summary of theoretical and practical developments in LTE Heterogeneous Networks
The last decade has witnessed the proliferation of mobile broadband data and the trend is likely to increase in the coming years. Current cellular networks are ill equipped to deal with this surge in demand. To satisfy user demand and maximize profits, a new paradigm to operate networks is needed. Heterogeneous networks, that deploy an overlay of small cells with limited coverage and transmit power, over a macro coverage area is the solution by providing capacity and coverage where it is needed.
This book presents a comprehensive overview of small cell based heterogeneous networks within the framework of 3GPP LTE-Advanced which is the major enabler of current and future heterogeneous networks. The book first establishes the basics of LTE standards 8 -10. Wherever relevant, the underlying theory of wireless communications is explained and the signaling and protocol aspects of LTE Releases 8-10 are presented. Next the book presents a systematic study of the inter cell interference (eICIC and FeICIC) mechanisms that have been standardized in LTE releases 10 and 11 to mitigate the interference arising in heterogeneous networks. From simple blank subframe design and implementation, the book discusses more advanced transceiver signal processing and carrier aggregation (CA) based mechanisms to improve performance. Besides data, control channel enhancements such as enhanced PDCCH (ePDCCH) are also discussed.
Subsequently the book discusses the possibility of base stations being allowed to coordinate to manage interference. This technique, called CoMP, has the potential of vastly improving network performance. However several practical challenges first have to be overcome before this potential can be realized. The book presents the different CoMP categories introduced in LTE release 11, the required signal processing and the changes that were introduced in Release-11 for supporting CoMP. The book then presents the state of the art developments in heterogeneous networks that are currently taking place in 3GPP with the initiation of Release 12. A whole array of new technologies have been introduced such as dynamic switching of small cells, new carrier types with reduced control signaling, dynamic reconfiguration of TDD-LTE, joint configuration of TDD and FDD via carrier aggregation and lastly advanced MIMO signal processing with three dimensional beamforming. All these technologies will work in unison leading to efficient operations of small cells.
The authors thus comprehensively summarize the advances in heterogeneous networks over the last couple of years as reflected in various LTE releases and then look ahead at what to expect in the future. Fully illustrated throughout and with an accompanying website including Matlab code for simulating heterogeneous networks, LTE channel models, and References to 3GPP specifications, contributions, and updates on recent standardization activities. The authors, being involved in LTE standardization, are well placed to give an excellent view on this topic, including valuable background and design rationale.
- A comprehensive summary of wireless communications theory and practical developments in LTE heterogeneous networks.
- Authors are experts in this field and are active members in standardization proceedings, enabling up-to-date coverage of current
Chapter
1.3 Features of Heterogeneous Networks
1.3.1 Association and Load Balancing
1.3.2 Interference Management
1.3.3 Self-Organizing Networks
1.3.4 Mobility Management
1.4 Evolution of Cellular Technology and Standards
1.4.1 3GPP Standardization Process
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of LTE
2.2.3 Practical Implementations of the Core Network
2.3 LTE Radio Access Network
2.4 Connectivity Among eNodeBs: The X2 Interface
2.4.1 Load- and Interference-Related Information
2.4.2 Handover-Related Information
2.5.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
2.5.2 Multiple Antenna Communications
Chapter 3 LTE Signal Structure and Physical Channels
3.3 Introduction to LTE Physical Channels and Reference Signals
3.4 Resource Block Assignment
3.5 Downlink Physical Channels
3.5.1 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
3.5.2 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
3.5.3 Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
3.5.4 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
3.5.5 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
3.5.6 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
3.6 Uplink Physical Channels
3.6.1 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
3.6.2 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
3.6.3 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Chapter 4 Physical Layer Signal Processing in LTE
4.2 Downlink Synchronization Signals
4.2.1 Primary Synchronization Signal
4.2.2 Secondary Synchronization Signal
4.3.1 Downlink Reference Signals
4.3.2 Uplink Reference Signals
4.4 Channel Estimation and Feedback
4.4.1 Basics of Link Adaptation
4.4.2 Feedback for MIMO OFDM Channels
4.4.3 New Features in LTE-Advanced
4.5 Design Paradigm of LTE Signaling
4.6 Scheduling and Resource Allocation
4.6.1 Scheduling Algorithms
4.6.2 Inter-eNodeB Coordination for Resource Allocation in LTE
Part II Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
Chapter 5 Release 10 Enhanced ICIC
5.2 Typical Deployment Scenarios
5.2.1 Macro-Pico Deployment Scenario
5.2.2 Macro-Femto Deployment Scenario
5.3 Time Domain Techniques
5.3.1 Almost Blank Subframe
5.3.3 UE Measurement and Reporting
5.4 Power Control Techniques
5.4.2 Power Control Schemes
5.4.3 Results from Realistic Deployments
5.5 Carrier Aggregation-Based eICIC
Chapter 6 Release 11 Further Enhanced ICIC: Transceiver Processing
6.2 Typical Deployment Scenarios
6.3 Techniques for Mitigating CRS Interference
6.3.1 Receiver-Based Techniques
6.3.2 Transmitter-Based Techniques
Chapter 7 Release 11 Further Enhanced ICIC: Remaining Topics
7.1 Carrier-Based Interference Coordination
7.1.1 Operational Carrier Selection
7.1.2 Primary and Secondary Cell Selection
7.2 Enhanced PDCCH for Interference Coordination
Part III Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission Reception
Chapter 8 Downlink CoMP: Signal Processing
8.2 CoMP Scenarios in 3GPP
8.2.1 Homogeneous Networks with Intra-Site CoMP
8.2.2 Homogeneous Networks with High-Power RRHs
8.2.3 Heterogeneous Networks with Low-Power RRHs with Cell IDs Different from the Macro
8.2.4 Heterogeneous Networks with Low-Power RRHs with Cell IDs the Same as the Macro
8.3.1 RRM Measurement Set/CoMP Resource Management Set
8.3.2 CoMP Measurement Set
8.3.3 CoMP Cooperating Set
8.4 CoMP Transmission in 3GPP
8.4.1 Coordinated Scheduling/Beamforming
8.4.2 Dynamic Point Selection
8.5 Comparison of Different CoMP Categories
Chapter 9 Downlink CoMP: Standardization Impact
9.2 Modification of Reference Signals
9.2.1 Modifications in CSI-RS
9.2.2 Modifications in DMRS
9.3.1 UE Processing Complexity and CSI Reference Resources
9.3.2 Inheritance and Reference Processes
9.5 Quasi-Co-Location of Antenna Ports
9.5.1 Quasi-Co-Location Between the Same Antenna Ports
9.5.2 Quasi-Co-Location Between Different Antenna Ports
9.6 New Transmission Mode and DCI Format
9.7 Backhaul Support for CoMP
Part IV Upcoming Technologies
Chapter 10 Dense Small Cell Deployments
10.2 Evolution of Small Cells
10.2.1 Deployment Scenarios
10.3 Efficient Operation of Small Cells
10.3.3 Small Cell Discovery
10.4 Control Signaling Enhancement
10.4.1 Multi-Subframe Scheduling
10.4.2 Cross-Subframe Scheduling
10.5 Reference Signal Overhead Reduction
Chapter 11 TD-LTE Enhancements for Small Cells
11.1 Enhancements for Dynamic TDD
11.1.1 TDD UL/DL Reconfiguration Scenarios in 3GPP
11.1.2 Interference Mitigation Schemes
11.2 FDD-TDD Joint Operation
11.2.1 Deployment Scenarios
11.2.2 Issues and Potential Solutions
Chapter 12 Full Dimension MIMO
12.2 Antenna Systems Architecture: Passive and Active
12.3.1 Passive Antenna Element Pattern
12.3.2 Active Antenna Systems
12.3.3 AAS with Additional Mechanical Tilt
12.3.4 Effect of Multipath Fading Channels
12.4 FD-MIMO Deployment Scenarios
12.4.1 UE-Specific FD-MIMO
12.4.2 Cell-Specific FD-MIMO
12.4.3 System-Specific FD-MIMO
Chapter 13 Future Trends in Heterogeneous Networks
13.2 Small Cells and Cloud RAN
13.3 Small Cells, Millimeter Wave Communications and Massive MIMO
13.4 Small Cells and Big Data
Heterogeneous Networks in LTE-Advanced
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