Description
Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems presents a comprehensive overview of how cellulosic energy crops can be sustainably produced and converted to affordable energy through liquid fuels, heat and electricity.
The book begins with an introduction to cellulosic feedstocks, discussing their potential as a large-scale sustainable energy source, and technologies for the production of liquid fuels, heat and electricity. Subsequent chapters examine miscanthus, switchgrass, sugarcane and energy cane, sorghums and crop residues, reviewing their phylogeny, cultural practices, and opportunities for genetic improvement. This is followed by a detailed focus on woody crops, including eucalyptus, pine, poplar and willow. Critical logistical issues associated with both herbaceous and woody feedstocks are reviewed, and alternate strategies for harvesting, transporting, and storing cellulosic materials are also examined. The final sectionof the booktackles the challenge of achieving long-term sustainability, addressing economic, environmental and social factors.
Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems is a valuable resource for academics, students and industry professionals working in the field of biomass cultivation and conversion, bioenergy, crop science and agriculture.
Topics covered include:
- Identifying suitable cellulosic energy crops that are adapted to a wide range of climates and soils
- Best management practices for sustainably growing, harvesting, storing, transporting and pre-processing these crops
- The development of integrated cellulosic energy cropping systems for supplying commercial processing plants
- Challenges and opportunities for the long-term sustainability of cellulosic energy crops
This book was conceived and initiated by David I. Bransby, Professor of Energy and Forage Crops in the Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences at Auburn University, USA.
For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs
Chapter
1.2 Cellulosic Biomass Properties and Their Relevance to Downstream Processing
1.2.3 Fixed Carbon/Volatile Matter Ratio
1.2.5 Alkali Metal Content
1.2.6 Carbohydrate/Lignin Ratio
1.3 Desirable Traits and Potential Supply of Cellulosic Energy Crops
1.4 The Case for Cellulosic Energy Crops
2 Conversion Technologies for the Production of Liquid Fuels and Biochemicals
2.2 Biomass Conversion Technologies
2.3 (Bio)Chemical Conversion Route
2.4 Thermochemical Conversion Route
2.4.4 Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU) Process
2.5 Summary and Conclusions
3 Technologies for Production of Heat and Electricity
3.2.1 Direct-Fired Combustion
3.2.2 Co-Fired Combustion
3.6 Direct Hydrothermal Liquefaction
3.8 Integrated Biorefineries
4 Miscanthus Genetics and Agronomy for Bioenergy Feedstock
4.2 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition
4.2.3 Genetic Diversity for Biomass Production
4.2.4 Genetic Diversity for Biomass Composition
4.3.3 Disease, Pest Control
4.4.1 Past and Current Projects
4.4.3 Traits and Varieties of Interest
4.4.4 Tools for Genetic Studies Breeding and Phenotyping
5.2 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition
5.3.1 Establishment and Weed Management
5.3.3 Disease and Pest Management
6 Sugarcane, Energy Cane and Napier Grass
6.1 Sugar and Energy Cane
6.1.1 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield, and Chemical Composition
6.1.3 Genetic Improvement
6.2.1 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition
6.2.3 Genetic Improvement
7.2 Sorghum Phenology, Genetic Structure and Types
7.2.1 Types of Sorghum for Energy Production
7.2.2 Basic Phenological Traits of Importance in Sorghum
7.2.3 Sorghum Composition
7.3.1 Propagation Methods
7.3.5 Disease and Pest Control
7.4.1 Development of Hybrid Sorghum and Heterosis
7.4.2 Current Sorghum Breeding Approaches
7.4.3 Germplasm Collections and the Sorghum Conversion Program
7.4.6 Breeding for Stress Tolerance
7.5 Summary and Conclusions
9.1 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition
9.1.1 Introduction and Phylogeny
9.2.3 Disease and Pest Control
9.2.4 Harvest Management (Cutting Height, Season, and Frequency)
10.1.1 Phylogeny, Chemical Composition
10.1.2 Heat of Combustion
10.1.4 Energy Yield per ha per Year
10.2.1 Nursery Production
10.2.4 Planting Row Configuration
10.2.7 Insects, Disease and Nematodes
10.3.6 “Hitch a Ride”: Biomass Harvest
10.6 Government Regulations
11.2.2 Environmental Benefits
11.2.3 Disease and Pest Control
11.2.4 Harvest Management (Cutting Height, Season, Frequency)
11.5 Carbon Sequestration and Soil Response
12 Development and Deployment of Willow Biomass Crops
12.2 Shrub Willow Characteristics
12.3 Production Systems for Willow Biomass Crops
12.4 Willow Biomass Crop Economics
12.5 Environmental and Rural Development Benefits
12.6 Commercial Development
13 Herbaceous Biomass Logistics
13.2 Typical Biomass Logistics Constraints
13.2.1 Resource Constraints
13.2.2 Purchaser Constraints
13.3 Linkage in Logistics Chain
13.3.1 Model Systems in Commercial Practice
13.3.2 Assigning Unit Operations to Various Business Entities
13.5.1 Coupled Versus Uncoupled Systems
13.6.2 Interaction with Bulk Density
13.7 Development of Concept for Multibale Handling Unit
13.7.1 Modulization of Bales
13.7.2 Receiving Facility
13.7.5 Application of Information Technologies
13.8 Functionality Analysis for Rack System Concept
13.8.1 Operation Plan for 24-h Hauling
13.8.2 Operational Plan for Receiving Facility
13.8.3 Size of At-Plant Storage Yard
13.9 Cost Analysis for 24-h Hauling Using Rack System Concept
13.9.1 Truck Cost Excluding Fuel
13.9.4 Load, Unload Operations
Appendix 13.A Cost to Operate Workhorse Forklift (Example for Equipment Cost Calculations)
Appendix 13.B Operational Plan for “Rack System” Example
B.1 Operation Plan for SSL Loading
B.2 Influence of SSL Size on Rack Loading Operations
B.3 Total Trucks Required– 24-h Hauling
B.4 Total Racks Required– 24-h Hauling
14 Woody Biomass Logistics
14.2 Overview of the Woody Biomass Supply Chain
14.2.1 Sources and Scale of Temporal Variability
14.2.2 Preprocessing in the Woody Biomass Supply Chain
14.3 Woody Biomass from Dedicated Energy Crops
14.4 Woody Biomass from Stand Thinning
14.5.1 Whole Tree Versus Cut-to-Length
14.5.2 Effect of Source on Feedstock Quality
14.6 Harvesting and Processing Systems and Equipment
14.6.2 Single-Grip Harvesters
14.6.4 Short-Rotation Woody Crop Harvesters
14.6.5 Ground-Based Skidding and Forwarding
14.6.6 Slash Forwarders and Chipper-Forwarders
14.6.10 Portable Conveyors
14.6.11 Combined Harvesting and Processing Equipment
14.7 Woody Biomass Transportation
14.7.1 Regulatory Considerations
14.7.2 Operational Considerations
14.7.3 Concentration Yards
14.8.1 Mechanical and Chemical Pretreatments
14.8.2 Thermal Pretreatments
14.8.3 Locating Pretreatment Operations
14.9 Handling and Storage
14.10 Logistics Management
14.10.1 Delivered Cost and Woody Biomass Logistics
14.10.2 Spatial Analysis of Woody Biomass Logistics
14.10.4 Estimating Biomass Stocks Across a Landscape
14.10.5 Estimating Transportation Costs Across a Landscape
14.10.6 Estimating Harvest Costs Across a Landscape
15 Economic Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems
15.2 Economics of Crop Production
15.2.1 Crop Enterprise Budgets
15.2.2 Stover as a Co-Product of Corn Grain
15.2.3 Perennial and Multiseason Crops
15.2.4 Crop Production Functions
15.2.5 Crop Rotations and Long Run versus Short Run Land Allocation
15.2.6 Economies of Size and Scale
15.3 Risk and Uncertainty
15.3.2 Stochastic Production Function
15.3.4 Effects of Risk on the Profit Maximization Decision Framework
15.3.6 Finance, Risk, Debts and Assets, Bankruptcy
15.3.7 Product Market Risk and ‘Thin’ Markets
15.4 Risk Mitigation and Management
15.5 Supply, Demand and Prices
15.5.2 Equilibrium: The Interaction of Supply and Demand
15.5.3 The Derived Demand for Land
15.6 The Start-Up Barrier
15.7 Elements of Sustainability
16 Environmental Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems
16.2 Greenhouse Gas Effects
16.4 Water Quantity and Quality
16.5 Invasive Species Effects/Mitigation/Enhancement
16.6 Wildlife and Biodiversity
17 Social Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems
17.2 Standards for Social Sustainability
17.3 Forest-Based Biofuels
17.4 Biofuel Social Sustainability Standards
17.4.1 Plantation Cropping Systems
17.4.2 Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels
17.4.3 Importance of Context
17.4.5 Council on Sustainable Biomass Production
17.4.6 Limits of Sustainability Standards
17.5 Summary and Conclusions
18 Commercialization of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems
18.4 Crop Selection and Contracting
18.5 Financing Establishment
18.6 Agronomic Efficiencies and Management
18.7 Identifying and Addressing Risks
19 Selected Global Examples of Cellulosic Cropping System Trends
19.2 Cellulosic Ethanol in Brazil
19.2.2 Conversion Technologies
19.2.3 Progress Towards Commercialization
19.2.4 Enabling Government Policies
19.3 Cellulosic Bioenergy in China
19.3.2 Conversion Technologies
19.3.3 Progress Towards Commercialization
19.3.4 Enabling Government Policies
19.4.1 Biofuel Challenges and Opportunities
19.4.3 Progress Towards Commercialization
19.4.4 Enabling Government Policies
Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems
( Wiley Series in Renewable Resource )
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