Introduction to Crystal Growth and Characterization

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Crystalline Materials

1.1 Crystalline State

1.2 Fundamentals of Geometrical Crystallography

1.2.1 Crystal Lattices

1.2.2 Crystal Axes Systems, Crystal Systems, and Crystal Families

1.2.3 Crystal Faces and Zones

1.2.4 Indexing in the Hexagonal Crystal Family

1.3 Morphological Symmetry of Crystals

1.3.1 Crystallographic Point Groups

1.3.2 Some Basic Facts of Group Theory

1.4 Structural Symmetry

1.4.1 Crystal Lattices, Motifs, and Crystal Structures

1.4.1.1 Bravais Lattices

1.4.1.2 The Reciprocal Lattice

1.4.1.3 Lattice Transformations

1.4.2 Crystallographic Space Groups

1.4.2.1 General Remarks

1.4.2.2 The International Tables for Crystallography - The Reference Book for the Representation of Space Group Symmetries

1.4.2.3 Mathematical Description of the Space Group Symmetry

1.4.3 Generalized Crystallographic Symmetry

1.5 Crystal Structures

1.5.1 Sphere Packings

1.5.2 Selected Examples of Inorganic Structure Types

1.5.2.1 Polymorphism and Polytypism

1.5.3 Selected Examples of Molecular Crystals

1.5.4 Symmetry Relations between Crystal Structures

1.6 Crystallographic Databases and Crystallographic Computer Programs

Appendix: Supplementary Material S1 Special Crystal Forms of Cubic Crystal Classes

References

Chapter 2 Basics of Growth Mechanism and Solidification

2.1 Nucleation Processes

2.1.1 Homogeneous Nucleation

2.1.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation

2.1.3 Metastable Zone Regime

2.1.4 Equilibrium Shape of Crystals

2.2 Kinetic Processes and Growth Mechanism

2.2.1 Molecular Kinetic Theory of Crystal Growth

2.2.2 Interfaces and Roughening of Surfaces

2.2.3 Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) Mechanism

2.2.4 Crystal Growth from Ambient Phases on Rough Surfaces: Vapor Phase, Solution, and Melt Media

2.2.5 Crystal Growth on Flat Surfaces

2.3 Phase Diagrams and Principles of Segregation

2.3.1 Phase Diagrams with a Continuous Miscibility in the Solid and Liquid Phases

2.3.2 Segregation and Segregation Coefficients

2.3.3 Constitutional Supercooling and Morphological Stability

2.4 Principles of Flow Regimes in Growth Melts

2.4.1 Buoyancy Convection

2.4.2 Marangoni Convection

References

Chapter 3 Growth Techniques in Correlation with Related Growth Mechanism

3.1 Overview on Main Growth Techniques

3.2 Principles of Melt Growth Techniques

3.2.1 The Czochralski Crystal Growth Process

3.2.2 Growth Method after Bridgman

3.2.3 The Float Zone Crystal Growth Process

3.2.4 Bulk Crystal Growth from Metallic Solutions

3.2.4.1 Traveling Solvent Method (TSM)

3.2.4.2 Traveling Heater Method (THM)

3.2.4.3 The Solute, Synthesis, Diffusion Method (SSD)

3.3 Bulk Crystal Growth of II-VI Compounds from the Vapor

3.3.1 Crystal Growth of CdTe by a Sublimation Traveling Heater Method, STHM, in Closed Ampoules

3.3.2 Crystal Growth of CdTe by the Markov Method in Semiclosed Ampoules

3.4 Epitaxial Growth Techniques

3.4.1 Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE)

3.4.2 Vapor Phase Epitaxy (VPE)

3.5 Supplementary Material: Principles of Verneuil Technique, Growth from High and Low Temperature, Nonmetallic Solutions

3.5.1 Verneuil Technique

3.5.2 Growth from High Temperature Solutions (Flux Growth)

3.5.3 Growth from Low Temperature Solutions (Aqueous Solutions)

References

Chapter 4 Characterization of Crystals

4.1 Crystal Defects

4.1.1 Zero-Dimensional Defects

4.1.2 One-Dimensional Defects

4.1.3 Two-Dimensional Defects (Planar Defects)

4.1.3.1 Grain Boundaries

4.1.3.2 Stacking Faults

4.1.3.3 Antiphase Boundaries

4.1.3.4 Twins

4.1.3.5 Domain Boundaries

4.1.3.6 Crystal Surfaces

4.1.4 Three-Dimensional defects

4.1.4.1 Inclusions

4.1.4.2 Precipitates

4.1.4.3 Voids

4.2 Crystal Quality

4.2.1 Criteria of Crystal Quality

4.2.2 Crystal Quality and Application

4.3 Selected Methods of Crystal Characterization

4.3.1 Etching of Crystals

4.3.2 X-Ray Topography

4.3.3 Electron Microscopy

4.3.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy

4.3.3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy

4.4 Materials Engineering by Correlation of Crystal Growth and Characterization

4.4.1 Epitaxial Growth of GaN on LiAlO2 Substrates

References

Index

EULA