Chapter
Content: Additions to Associative Structure
Relative Contingency: Cue Competition Phenomena
Content: Hierarchical Associations
Content: Addition of US Features
From Prediction to Performance
How Pavlovian Learning Translates into Conditioned Responding
How Pavlovian Learning Motivates Appetitive Instrumental Responding
2: Building a Theory of Pavlovian Conditioning From the Inside Out
3: A Contemporary Behavioral Perspective on Extinction
Context and Relapse Effects after Extinction
Preventing Lapse and Relapse after Extinction
4: Prologue to “Habituation: A History”
Stimulus–Model Comparator Theory
Wagner-Konorski Gnostic Unit Theory
Groves and Thompson Dual-Process Theory
Mechanisms of Habituation
Part II: Applied Classical Conditioning
5: Conditioned Taste Aversion Learning: Relationship to Nausea and Conditioned Disgust
Nature of the US: Nausea?
Nature of the CR: Not all CTA is Accompanied by Conditioned Disgust
Neurobiological Manipulation of Nausea: Effect on Conditioned Disgust and CTA
Serotonin, Nausea, and Disgust
Insular Cortex, Nausea, and Disgust
Nature of the CS: Contextually Elicited Conditioned Disgust Reactions-A Model of Anticipatory Nausea
Conditioned Taste Aversion Learning as a Preclinical Model of Nausea
6: Pavlovian Fear Conditioning: Function, Cause, and Treatment
Relevance to Anxiety Disorders: More than a Model
Why are Anxiety Disorders So Prevalent?
Laboratory Measures of Conditional Fear
CS-US Relationships that Promote Cued and Contextual Fear Conditioning
Biological Mechanisms of Fear Learning
Amygdala As the Hub Of the Circuit
The Dynamic Origins of Memory Systems (DOMS)
Translational Significance
7: Behavioral Conditioning of Immune Responses: An Overview and Consideration of Clinical Applications
Overview of the Immune System
Conditioning of the Immune System
Conditioned Immunopharmacologic Effects and Stress
The Use of Antigen as a UCS
Therapeutic Effects of Behaviorally Conditioned Immunomodulation
Part III: Basic Operant Conditioning
8: Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
Conceptual Foundations of Behavior Analysis
A New Goal for Psychology
Single-Subject Research Designs
Reinforcement and Punishment
Schedules of Reinforcement
Variables Influencing Reinforcer Effectiveness
Reinforcer Characteristics
Chaining and Conditioned Reinforcement
Comparing Forward and Backward Chaining
Mirror Neurons Contribute to Imitation
Herrnstein’s Experiment and the Matching Law
Deviations from Matching and the Generalized Matching Law
Theoretical Analyses of Matching
Rapid Schedule Changes and Fine-Grain Response Patterns
Matching Outside the Laboratory
Concurrent-Chain Schedules
The Contextual Choice and Hyperbolic Value-Added Models
Discrete-trial and Other Choice Procedures
Adjusting-Delay, Adjusting-Amount, and Progresssive-Delay Procedures
10: Conditioned Reinforcement
Defining Characteristics of Conditioned Reinforcement
Studying Conditioned Reinforcement
Extinction Rates for an Established Response
Determinants of Conditioned Value
Behavioral Momentum Theory
Comparing Conditioned and Primary Reinforcers
Alternative Views: Challenges to Conditioned Reinforcement
Applications of Conditioned Reinforcement
11: Behavioral Momentum and Resistance to Change
Behavioral Momentum Theory: An Overview
Traditional Methods for Studying Behavioral Persistence
Some Representative Findings
The Stimulus-reinforcer Relation: Support for Momentum Theory
Challenges to Behavioral Momentum Theory
Different Response-reinforcer Relations
Extremely Different Reinforcer Rates
Resistance to Change in Single Schedules
Extensions of Behavioral Momentum Theory
Behavioral Momentum and Relapse
Measuring Resistance to Change of Accuracy and Response Rate
Separating Baseline Accuracy and Resistance to Change
12: Behavioral Economics and the Analysis of Consumption and Choice
Comparing Reinforcers in Terms of Demand
Factors That Alter Demand and Choice
Determining Own-Price and Cross-Price Elasticity
The Behavioral Economics of Addiction and Treatment
Demand Elasticity in Open and Closed Economies
Therapy and Demand Interactions
From Science to Public Policy
13: Delay and Probability Discounting
The Discounting Framework
Estimating Subjective Value
Discounting of Delayed Rewards
Hypothetical and Real Rewards
Discounting of Probabilistic Rewards
Comparison of Delay and Probability Discounting
Why is There a Magnitude Effect?
Delayed and Probabilistic Losses
Discounting in Nonhuman Animals
Quantitative and Qualitative Properties of Rewards
Comparisons of Discounting Across Species
Impulsivity or Impulsivities?
14: Characteristics, Theories, and Implications of Dynamic Changes in Reinforcer Effectiveness
Empirical Characteristics
Reinforcer Rate (Stimulus Rate)
Absolute, Not Relative, Time or Number
Response-Independent Reinforcers (Classical Conditioning)
Response Rate, Not Accuracy
Unconsumable and Unconsumed Reinforcers
Reinforcer Intensity (Stimulus Intensity)
Recovery (Spontaneous Recovery)
After Stimulus Change (Dishabituation)
During Stimulus Change (Stimulus Specificity)
Variety (Variety Effects)
Factors That Do Not Alter the Within-Session Response Pattern
Quantitative Descriptions
Potential Theoretical Explanations
A General Motivational State
Implications for Conditioning
Methodological Implications
Implications Beyond Conditioning
Definition of Verbal Behavior
The Physical Substrate of Vocal Behavior
Analytical Units of Verbal Behavior
On Reference, Meaning, and Truth
The Structural Complexity of Verbal Behavior: The Puzzle of Lawful Novelty
The Additivity of Stimulus Control
Automatic Shaping and Grammar
Autoclitic Frames, Novelty, and “Grammatical Intuitions”
Rapid Shifts in Stimulus Control in Autoclitic Frames
Conditioning the Behavior of the Listener
Equivalence Classes and Relational Frames
Spatial Memory on the Radial Maze
Retention of Spatial Memory
How Are Locations in Space Encoded?
17: Instrumental and Classical Conditioning: Intersections, Interactions and Stimulus Control
Two-Process Learning Theory
The Instrumentally-Derived Appetitive Incentive-Motivational Function
The Instrumentally-Derived Aversive Incentive-Motivational Function
Transfer-of-Control Research: Overview and Discussion
The Discriminative-Response Function
Responsive-Discriminative-by-Incentive-Motivational-Process Combination Matrix
Environmentally Induced Increases in Drug Seeking: An Animal Learning Model of Drug Abuse and Loss of Control
Extending Discriminative-Response/Incentive-Motivational Combination Model to Stimulus-Generalization Peak Shift
Incentive Processes and a Biological-Constraint-on-Learning: Selective Associations
Reconciling Different Test Outcomes by Behaviorally Indistinguishable Groups: A Composite-Stimulus Control Analysis
Part IV: Applied Operant Conditioning
18: Modern Animal Training: A Transformative Technology
Conventional Animal Training
The Development of Modern Training
The Beginnings: Marine Mammals
The International Marine Animal Trainers Association
Domestic Animals and the General Public
Punishment-Free Dog Training
Crossing Over: Guide Dogs for the Blind
Tools: The Conditioned Reinforcer or Marker
TAGteach: An Application for People
The Question of Awareness
19: Autism and Behavior Analysis: History and Current Status
Antecedents to Applied Behavior Analytic Approach to Autism
Jean Marc Gaspard Itard’s Proto-behavioral Treatment of Victor
Leo Kanner’s First Clinical Description of Autism
Early Behavioral Treatment of Autism
Contributions by Other Researchers
Ivar Løvaas’s Early Research
Reducing Challenging Behavior
Løvaas’s 1987 Landmark Study
Why Løvaas’s Findings Were Troubling to Critics
Growth of Autism Research
Comprehensive Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention
Outcome of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention
Developing More Advanced Skills
Challenging Behavior in Autism Revisited
Early Behavioral Intervention and Brain Development
Why Do Some Children Greatly Benefit from EIBI and Others Do Not?
Why “Cure” and “Recovery” Are Misnomers
Child Behavior and Development
Relationship Between Parent and Child Behavior
Functional Analysis Technology
Modes of Assessment of Parenting Programs
Meta-Analyses of Parent-Training Programs
Barriers to Successful Parent Training
21: Behavior Analysis in Education
Foundations in Basic and Applied Science
Foundational Behavioral Units
Behavioral Systems and Models
Superior Instruction by Design
Evidence of Effectiveness
Translating Research into Practice
Behavior Analysis’ Impact in Education
A Science of Implementation
A Nonlinear Systems Approach
Behavioral Education in the Digital Age
22: Operant Conditioning in Developmental Disabilities
Operant Conditioning to Reduce Behavioral Excesses
Selecting a Function-Based Treatment
Operant Conditioning to Improve Skill Deficiencies
Programming of Generalization
23: Precision Teaching: The Legacy of Ogden Lindsley
What Is Precision Teaching?
The Standard Celeration Chart
Outcomes of Fluent Performance
Quantitative Analyses with Chart Data
Current Practice Procedures
A Brief History of the Development of Precision Teaching
PT’s Relation to Instructivist Educational Philosophy
Research Supporting Precision Teaching and Remaining Questions
24: Behavioral Pharmacology: A Brief Overview
Historical Underpinnings of Behavioral Pharmacology
Operant Psychology of B. F. Skinner
Development of Antipsychotic Drugs
Modern Behavioral Pharmacology
What Do Behavioral Pharmacologists Do?
Transitivity of Behavioral Observations
25: Contingency Management Treatments for Substance-Use Disorders and Healthy Behaviors
Historical Background of Contingency Management
Voucher-Based Contingency Management
Prize-Based Contingency Management
Fundamental Elements and Parameters of CM
Objective Verification of Behavior
Applying CM Toward the Modification of Other Behaviors
Compliance with Treatment Goals
Attendance at Treatment Programs
Compliance with Medication
Incorporating New Technology into CM Programs
26: Organizational Behavior Management: Past, Present, and Future
An Annotated History of OBM and its Historical Roots
OBM Practices and Research
OBM and Human Resources Management
Behavior Systems Management
27: Clinical Behavior Analysis
Initial Successful Applications of Behavioral Principles
The Application of Familiar Behavioral Principles
Stimulus and Response Classes
The Case Conceptualization
The Challenge of Applying Principles In Clinical Settings
Distinguishing between Function and Topography
Distinguishing Response Classes
Natural Versus Arbitrary Reinforcement
Requisite Interpersonal Skills for the Clinical Behavior Analyst
Use of Molar Functional Relations
Functional Analytic Psychotherapy
Blending and Distinguishing Principles
Cognitions, Relational Frame Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Basic Conditioning Research on Aging
Applied Conditioning Literature on Aging
Rehabilitation—Reestablishment of Skills
Management of Problematic or Unsafe Behavior
The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Operant and Classical Conditioning
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