Governance of Marine Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation

Copyright

Contents

Notes on contributors

Foreword Bonnie J. McCay

Foreword Árni M. Mathiesen

Foreword Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias

Preface Serge M. Garcia, Jake Rice and Anthony Charles

Acknowledgements

List of selected acronyms

Glossary

Part 1 Governance trends and challenges

Chapter 1 Governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation: A history

Introduction

Historical developments in fishery governance

Historical developments in biodiversity conservation

Conclusions

Notes

References

Chapter 2 Governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation: Convergence or coevolution?

Introduction

Selected strands in fishery governance

Selected strands in conservation governance

Parallel strands in conservation and fishery governance

Discussion and conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 3 Governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation: The integration challenge

Introduction

Sustainable development backdrop

Integration process

Integration factors

Integration through interaction

Concluding thoughts

Notes

References

Part 2 Governance dimensions

Chapter 4 Bio-ecological dimensions of fisheries management, biodiversity and governance

Introduction and background

Fisheries management up to the 1990s

The ecological categories of impacts of fishing and their management

Areas of overlap and potential for inconsistencies between fisheries and conservation of biodiversity approaches

Venues for change

Conclusions

References

Chapter 5 The economic dimension: Addressing behaviour, incentives and context for effective governance

Introduction

Economic foundations of governance

The economic context of governance

Evolving economic scope of governance

Economic instruments in fisheries and marine conservation

Discussion: Economic instruments and prospects for governance integration

References

Chapter 6 The social dimension: The challenge of dealing with equity

Introduction: The two cultures

Fisheries management: creating wealth, forgetting about distribution

Conservation: creating values with unequal distribution of costs

Reconciling fisheries management and conservation

Consultation and co-management

Fisheries management and conservation within larger frameworks

Lessons learnt

Notes

References

Chapter 7 The global legal dimension: Navigating the legal currents of rights and responsibilities

Introduction

The Law of the Sea Convention

Legally binding global fisheries agreements

The 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and its subsidiary documents

Multilateral environmental agreements relevant to the conservation of living marine resources

Global environment and development conferences/summits

UN General Assembly resolutions and processes

Conclusion: Future developments

Notes

References

Chapter 8 Spatial dimensions of fisheries and biodiversity governance

Introduction

Development of marine spatial governance

The terrestrial heritage of marine governance

Space–time issues in fisheries management

Spatial issues in biodiversity and ecosystem management

Governance shift to a multiple-use framework

Conclusions

Notes

References

Chapter 9 Scientific foundation: Towards integration

Introduction

Ecological complexity

Human system complexity

Confronting the uncertainty

Complexity, uncertainty, risk and science-based decision-making

Illustrations of complex systems, science and governance

Summary of the challenges to governance

Concluding thoughts

References

Part 3 Global governance

Chapter 10 Global level institutions and processes: Frameworks for understanding critical roles and foundations of cooperation and integration

Introduction

Establishing some frameworks

Potential strengths and weaknesses of global institutions, organizations and bodies

Implications

Notes

References

Chapter 11 Global level institutions and processes: Assessment of critical roles, foundations of cooperation and integration and their contribution to integrated marine governance

Introduction

The current fabric of key global institutions in marine governance

Assessment

Conclusions

Notes

References

Chapter 12 Integrative policy and legal instruments, approaches and tools: Fisheries and biodiversity conservation

Introduction

Integrative concepts and approaches

Relationship between framework and implementation agreements and related instruments

Basis and application of integrated approaches and principles in framework instruments and global policy instruments

Management processes, approaches and tools for integrated implementation

Reinforcing integrated implementation at regional level

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Notes

References

Chapter 13 Conservation and risk of extinction of marine species

Introduction

Early history of the development of criteria for classifying species in terms of extinction risk

Developments in the 1990s

Developments in the 21st century

Current status

Conclusions

Notes

References

Chapter 14 Parallel initiatives: CBD’s Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) and FAO’s Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) criteria and processes

Introduction

The criteria

Pathways to the separate sets of criteria

Recent status

Conclusion

Notes

References

Part 4 Regional governance

Chapter 15 Regional governance for fisheries and biodiversity

Introduction

Legal and institutional framework for regional fisheries governance

Legal and institutional frameworks for regional marine environmental governance

Catalysts for collaboration on fisheries and biodiversity conservation objectives

Conclusions

References

Chapter 16 Regional governance: The case of NEAFC and OSPAR

Introduction

Relevant international processes with respect to regional fisheries management and conservation

Strengthening the OSPAR convention (annex V)

Updating the NEAFC convention

Measures implemented individually by NEAFC and OSPAR

Cultural differences between management approaches of the two organizations

Memorandum of understanding between NEAFC and the OSPAR commissions (2008)

Examples of converging approaches

Medium- and long-term expectation

Notes

References

Chapter 17 Regional governance: The Mediterranean cradle

Introduction

Status of marine biodiversity

Status of marine fisheries

Aquaculture

Governance framework

Conclusion and discussion

Notes

References

Chapter 18 CCAMLR and Antarctic conservation: The leader to follow?

Introduction

The CAMLR Convention

International cooperation

Conservation and management

Compliance and enforcement

Performance review and evaluation

Conclusions

Notes

References

Chapter 19 Implementation of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in the Benguela Current LME area

Introduction

Historical perspective

Implementation of EAF at the regional level

Tracking the implementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management in the region

Institutional structures and interactions between biodiversity conservation and fisheries management in the marine environment

Summary and conclusions

References

Chapter 20 Governance of marine fisheries and conservation in the context of the European Union

The institutional framework and decision making of the European Union

Policy development

Conclusion

Notes

References

Part 5 National governance

Chapter 21 The use of national frameworks for sustainable development of marine fisheries and conservation, ecosystem-based management and integrated ocean management

Introduction

National framework for fishery and conservation management in Australia

National framework for fishery and conservation management in Norway

National framework for fishery and conservation management in Canada

Discussion

References

Chapter 22 Small-scale fisheries: Importance, vulnerability and deficient knowledge

Introduction

Small-scale fisheries: An overview

Governance and conservation in SSFs

Misperceptions in science-based governance

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Notes

References

Chapter 23 Stewardship in tropical small-scale fisheries: Community and national perspectives

Introduction

Case study: Towards co-management of sea turtle fisheries in Turks and Caicos Islands

Case study: Ubay, Bohol, Philippines

Analysis and discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 24 Making space for small-scale fishing communities: Use and misuse of spatial management instruments

Introduction

International instruments informing the development of spatial management tools

South Africa

India

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Notes

References

Chapter 25 ENGOs and SIDS: Environmental interventions in small island developing states

Introduction

What are SIDS?

Environment and fisheries

NGOs and environmental and fisheries interactions

Caribbean

Pacific

Outcomes and lessons learned

References

Chapter 26 The role of capacity building for improving governance of fisheries and conservation of marine ecosystems

Introduction

Capacity building and training for governance

Fisheries governance and marine ecosystem conservation

Capacity building for understanding the ecosystem approach to fisheries

A simple approach for mitigating capacity-building fragmentation

Capacity building in modelling and analysis: Sedentary and low-mobility marine species with MPAs

Capacity building to cope with risks and uncertainties (notably climate change)

Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 27 Fishers’ organizations: Their role in decision-making for fisheries and conservation

Introduction

Country profiles of Norway, Japan and Philippines

FOs and their roles in fisheries governance

Roles of FOs in marine conservation

Discussion

Notes

References

Chapter 28 The role of courts in fisheries management and marine biodiversity protection: US and EU systems

Introduction

The role of courts in fisheries management and marine biodiversity conservation in the United States

The role of courts in fisheries management and marine conservation in the European Union

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Notes

References

Part 6 Conclusion

Chapter 29 A tale of two streams: Synthesizing governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation

Introduction

Roots in conservation

Evolving objectives

Evolving approaches

Evolving interactions

Convergence or coevolution?

Limits to convergence and coevolution

Pathways of convergence and coevolution

The two streams across scales, levels and issues

The three prongs of sustainable development

A third stream

Closing thoughts: An empathetic ear

Notes

References

Annex 1 History of fisheries and biodiversity conservation: A timeline of key events (1850–2012)

Annex 2 Key global institutions, bodies and processes: Roles, participation and main focus1

Index