Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

About the Authors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Energy Harvesters

1.2.1 Piezoelectric ZnO Energy Harvester

1.2.2 Vibrational Electromagnetic Generators

1.2.3 Rotary Electromagnetic Generators

1.2.4 NFES Piezoelectric PVDF Energy Harvester

1.3 Overview

Chapter 2 Design and Fabrication of Flexible Piezoelectric Generators Based on ZnO Thin Films

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Characterization and Theoretical Analysis of Flexible ZnO-Based Piezoelectric Harvesters

2.2.1 Vibration Energy Conversion Model of Film-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

2.2.2 Piezoelectricity and Polarity Test of Piezoelectric ZnO Thin Film

2.2.3 Optimal Thickness of PET Substrate

2.2.4 Model Solution of Cantilever Plate Equation

2.2.5 Vibration-Induced Electric Potential and Electric Power

2.2.6 Static Analysis to Calculate the Optimal Thickness of the PET Substrate

2.2.7 Model Analysis and Harmonic Analysis

2.2.8 Results of Model Analysis and Harmonic Analysis

2.3 The Fabrication of Flexible Piezoelectric ZnO Harvesters on PET Substrates

2.3.1 Bonding Process to Fabricate UV-Curable Resin Lump Structures on PET Substrates

2.3.2 Near-Field Electro-Spinning with Stereolithography Technique to Directly Write 3D UV-Curable Resin Patterns on PET Substrates

2.3.3 Sputtering of Al and ITO Conductive Thin Films on PET Substrates

2.3.4 Deposition of Piezoelectric ZnO Thin Films by Using RF Magnetron Sputtering

2.3.5 Testing a Single Energy Harvester under Resonant and Non-Resonant Conditions

2.3.6 Application of ZnO/PET-Based Generator to Flash Signal LED Module

2.3.7 Design and Performance of a Broad Bandwidth Energy Harvesting System

2.4 Fabrication and Performance of Flexible ZnO/SUS304-Based Piezoelectric Generators

2.4.1 Deposition of Piezoelectric ZnO Thin Films on Stainless Steel Substrates

2.4.2 Single-Sided ZnO/SUS304-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Generator

2.4.3 Double-Sided ZnO/SUS304-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Generator

2.4.4 Characterization of ZnO/SUS304-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Generators

2.4.5 Structural and Morphological Properties of Piezoelectric ZnO Thin Films on Stainless Steel Substrates

2.4.6 Analysis of Adhesion of ZnO Thin Films on Stainless Steel Substrates

2.4.7 Electrical Properties of Single-Sided ZnO/SUS304-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Generator

2.4.8 Characterization of Double-Sided ZnO/SUS304-Based Flexible Piezoelectric Generator: Analysis and Modification of Back Surface of SUS304

2.4.9 Electrical Properties of Double-Sided ZnO/SUS304-Based Piezoelectric Generator

2.5 Summary

References

Chapter 3 Design and Fabrication of Vibration-Induced Electromagnetic Microgenerators

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Comparisons between MCTG and SMTG

3.2.1 Magnetic Core-Type Generator (MCTG)

3.2.2 Sided Magnet-Type Generator (SMTG)

3.3 Analysis of Electromagnetic Vibration-Induced Microgenerators

3.3.1 Design of Electromagnetic Vibration-Induced Microgenerators

3.3.2 Analysis Mode of the Microvibration Structure

3.3.3 Analysis Mode of Magnetic Field

3.3.4 Evaluation of Various Parameters of Power Output

3.4 Analytical Results and Discussion

3.4.1 Analysis of Bending Stress within the Supporting Beam of the Spiral Microspring

3.4.2 Finite Element Models for Magnetic Density Distribution

3.4.3 Power Output Evaluation

3.5 Fabrication of Microcoil for Microgenerator

3.5.1 Microspring and Induction Coil

3.5.2 Microspring and Magnet

3.6 Tests and Experiments

3.6.1 Measurement System

3.6.2 Measurement Results and Discussion

3.6.3 Comparison between Measured Results and Analytical Values

3.7 Conclusions

3.7.1 Analysis of Microgenerators and Vibration Mode and Simulation of the Magnetic Field

3.7.2 Fabrication of LTCC Microsensor

3.7.3 Measurement and Analysis Results

3.8 Summary

References

Chapter 4 Design and Fabrication of Rotary Electromagnetic Microgenerator

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Piezoelectric, Thermoelectric, and Electrostatic Generators

4.1.2 Vibrational Electromagnetic Generators

4.1.3 Rotary Electromagnetic Generators

4.1.4 Generator Processes

4.1.5 Lithographie Galvanoformung Abformung Process

4.1.6 Winding Processes

4.1.7 LTCC

4.1.8 Printed Circuit Board Processes

4.1.9 Finite-Element Simulation and Analytical Solutions

4.2 Case 1: Winding Generator

4.2.1 Design

4.2.2 Analytical Formulation

4.2.3 Simulation

4.2.4 Fabrication Process

4.2.5 Results and Discussion (1)

4.2.6 Results and Discussion (2)

4.3 Case 2: LTCC Generator

4.3.1 Simulation

4.3.2 Analytical Theorem of Microgenerator Electromagnetism

4.3.3 Simplification

4.3.4 Analysis of Vector Magnetic Potential

4.3.5 Analytical Solutions for Power Generation

4.4 Fabrication

4.4.1 LTCC Process

4.4.2 Magnet Process

4.4.3 Measurement Set-up

4.5 Results and Discussion

4.5.1 Design

4.5.2 Analytical Solutions

4.5.3 Fabrication

References

Chapter 5 Design and Fabrication of Electrospun PVDF Piezo-Energy Harvesters

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Fundamentals of Electrospinning Technology

5.2.1 Introduction to Electrospinning

5.2.2 Alignment and Assembly of Nanofibers

5.3 Near-Field Electrospinning

5.3.1 Introduction and Background

5.3.2 Principles of Operation

5.3.3 Process and Experiment

5.3.4 Summary

5.4 Continuous NFES

5.4.1 Introduction and Background

5.4.2 Principles of Operation

5.4.3 Controllability and Continuity

5.4.4 Process Characterization

5.4.5 Summary

5.5 Direct-Write Piezoelectric Nanogenerator

5.5.1 Introduction and Background

5.5.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride

5.5.3 Theoretical Studies for Realization of Electrospun PVDF Nanofibers

5.5.4 Electrospinning of PVDF Nanofibers

5.5.5 Detailed Discussion of Process Parameters

5.5.6 Experimental Realization of PVDF Nanogenerator

5.5.7 Summary

5.6 Materials, Structure, and Operation of Nanogenerator with Future Prospects

5.6.1 Material and Structural Characteristics

5.6.2 Operation of Nanogenerator

5.6.3 Summary and Future Prospects

5.7 Case Study: Large-Array Electrospun PVDF Nanogenerators on a Flexible Substrate

5.7.1 Introduction and Background

5.7.2 Working Principle

5.7.3 Device Fabrication

5.7.4 Experimental Results

5.7.5 Summary

5.8 Conclusion

5.8.1 Near-Field Electrospinning

5.8.2 Continuous Near-Field Electrospinning

5.8.3 Direct-Write Piezoelectric PVDF

5.9 Future Directions

5.9.1 NFES Integrated Nanofiber Sensors

5.9.2 NFES One-Dimensional Sub-Wavelength Waveguide

5.9.3 NFES Biological Applications

5.9.4 Direct-Write Piezoelectric PVDF Nanogenerators

References

Index