Cover

Contents

Contributors

Preface

1 Introduction and Background – Challenges and Limitations of GM Plants for Animal Nutrition

1.1 Global Food Situation

1.2 Plant Breeding as the Starting Point of the Food Chain

1.3 Food-producing Animals as Part of the Food Chain

1.4 Challenges and Developments

References

2 Fundamentals of Plant Biotechnology

2.1 The Importance of Biotechnology in Plant Breeding

2.1.1 Breeding and mutagenesis

2.1.2 Polyploidization

2.1.3 Somatic hybridization

2.1.4 Transgenesis or genetic modification

2.1.5 Molecular marker technology

2.2 GMO Technology: What, How and Its Importance to Plant Breeding

2.2.1 The first step: isolation and functional analysis of genes

2.2.2 The cloning step: from gene isolation towards the assembly of a functional transgene construct

2.2.3 Selectable markers

2.2.4 Cloning vectors for plant transgenes

2.2.5 Transfer of the transgene construct into the genome of a plant cell

2.2.6 Integration of the transgene construct into the genome of a plant cell

2.2.7 Identification/selection of transformants

2.2.8 Identification and characterization of an elite event

2.2.9 Risk evaluation of a transgenic event

2.2.10 The elite event is the starting point for the development of GM plant varieties

2.3 Future Prospects

References

3 Guidance Documents for Nutritional and Safety Assessment of Feeds from GM Plants

3.1 Introduction

3.2 EU Legislative Framework

3.3 The European Food Safety Authority

3.4 EFSA Guidance for Risk Assessment of Food and Feed from GM Plants

3.4.1 Molecular characterization

3.4.2 Food and feed safety evaluation

3.4.3 Toxicological assessment

3.4.4 Allergenicity assessment

3.4.5 Nutritional assessment

3.4.6 Environmental risk assessment

3.4.7 Exposure assessment

3.4.8 Risk characterization and post-market monitoring

3.5 Applications of GM Plants for Food and Feed Uses

3.6 Nutritional and Safety Assessment of GM Food and Feed Outside of Europe

3.6.1 Australia and New Zealand

3.6.2 Asia: China, India and Japan

3.6.3 North America: USA and Canada

3.6.4 South America: Argentina and Brazil

3.6.5 Africa: South Africa

3.7 Conclusions

References

4 Compositional Analysis for Nutritional and Safety Assessment of Feeds from GM Plants

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Principles of Safety Assessment

4.3 Methodology

4.3.1 Field trial design

4.3.2 Compositional analysis

4.3.3 Interpretation of outcomes

4.4 Composition in Relation to Nutrition

4.5 Outlook

4.6 Conclusions and Summary

References

5 Types of Feeding Studies for Nutritional and Safety Assessment of Feeds from GM Plants

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Types of Feeding Studies

5.3 Experimental Design and Animal Feeding

5.4 Laboratory Animals

5.5 Target Animals

5.5.1 Measuring digestibility/bioavailability (nutrient availability)

5.5.2 Efficiency studies including transfer of nutrients with GM plants with input traits (first generation)

5.5.3 Efficiency studies including transfer of nutrients with GM plants with output traits (second generation)

5.5.4 Long-term and multi-generation feeding studies

5.6 Conclusions

References

6 Feeding Studies with First-generation GM Plants (Input Traits) with Food-producing Animals

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Composition

6.3 Digestion Trials

6.4 Animal Feeding Studies

6.5 Conclusions

References

7 Feeding Studies with Second-generation GM Plants (Output Traits) with Food-producing Animals

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Protein and Amino Acids

7.3 Fat and Fatty Acids

7.4 Carbohydrates

7.5 Minerals

7.6 Vitamin Precursors and Vitamins

7.7 Enzymes

7.8 Phytate and Phytase

7.9 Conclusions

References

8 Long-term and Multi-generational Animal Feeding Studies

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Results

8.2.1 Long-term studies

8.2.2 Multi-generational studies

8.3 Discussion

8.3.1 Funding of long-term feeding studies

8.3.2 Short-term versus long-term feeding studies

8.3.3 Exploratory studies in the context of a step-by-step approach

8.3.4 Standard protocols, quality of the studies and harmonization of protocols

8.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

9 The Fate of Transgenic DNA and Newly Expressed Proteins

9.1 Introduction

9.2 General Aspects of GM Feed, Transgenic DNA and Newly Expressed Proteins

9.2.1 The fate of ingested feed DNA

9.2.2 The fate of ingested feed proteins

9.2.3 Resumé

9.3 Special Issues Concerning Distribution of Transgenic Polymers

9.4 Summary and Outlook

References

10 Influence of Feeds from GM Plants on Composition/Quality of Food of Animal Origin

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Studies with First-generation GM crops

10.2.1 Recombinant DNA and newly expressed proteins

10.2.2 Product composition and quality

10.3 Studies with Second-generation GM crops

10.3.1 Increased content of amino acids

10.3.2 Expression and use of stearidonic acid in soybeans (C18:4 n-3; stearidonic acid, SDA)

10.3.3 Conjugated linoleic acids

10.3.4 Higher concentration in micronutrients (e.g. the nutrient precursor, β-carotene)

10.4 Conclusions

References

11 Feed Additives Produced by GM Microorganisms (GMMs)

11.1 Introduction

11.2 What is a GMM?

11.3 The Traditional Use of Microorganisms and Derived Products in Feeds

11.3.1 Microorganisms added directly into feed

11.3.2 Microbial enzymes

11.3.3 Microbially produced amino acids

11.3.4 Microbial biomasses

11.4 The Safety Assessment of GMM-derived Feed Additives and Feed Ingredients

11.4.1 The safety requirements for GMMs and derived products as defined by the EFSA

11.4.2 The general safety requirements for microbial feed additives

11.5 Examples of GMM Feed Additives Assessed and Authorized in the EU

11.6 Conclusions

Note

References

12 The Pipeline of GM Crops for Improved Animal Feed: Challenges for Commercial Use

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Research Methodology for the Pipeline Survey

12.3 New Events in the Pipeline of GM Crops for Animal Nutrition

12.3.1 Low-phytate crops to improve phosphorus nutrition

12.3.2 Crops enriched in essential amino acids

12.3.3 Crops with a low lignin content and improved digestibility

12.3.4 Crops with a modified fatty acid profile or content

12.4. Discussion and Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Notes

References

13 Cultivation and Developments in the Field of GM Plants in Asia

13.1 The Current Status of GM Plants in Asia

13.1.1 China

13.1.2 India

13.1.3 Japan

13.1.4 Philippines

13.1.5 Korea

13.2 The Current R&D Status of GM Plants in Asia

13.2.1 The current R&D status of GM plants in China

13.2.2 The current R&D status of GM plants in Japan

13.3 Safety Assessment of Food/Feed from GM Plants in Asia

13.3.1 Substantial equivalence (SE) of nutrition

13.3.2 Nutritional assessment in animals

13.3.3 Toxicology studies

13.3.4 Allergenicity assessment

13.3.5 Horizontal transformation of introduced genes

13.4 Regulations on Administration of GM Plant Safety in Asia

13.5 The Future of GM Plants in Asia

References

14 Socio-economic Aspects of Growing GM Crops

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Impacts of Herbicide-tolerant Crops

14.2.1 Agronomic and economic effects

14.2.2 Environmental effects

14.3 Impacts of Insect-resistant Crops

14.3.1 Agronomic and economic effects

14.3.2 Social effects

14.3.3 Environmental and health effects

14.4 Macro-level Effects of GM Crops

14.5 Potential Impacts of Future GM Crops

14.5.1 Crops with improved agronomic traits

14.5.2 Crops with improved nutritional traits

14.6 Conclusions

Note

References

15 Public Acceptance of GM Plants

15.1 Introduction

15.2 What is Public Acceptance?

15.3 The Buying Behaviour of Consumers

15.4 Political Attitudes Held by Citizens

15.5 Adoption Decisions Made by Farmers

15.6 The Role of Food Manufacturers and Retailers

15.7 The World of Pressure Groups and Lobbying

15.8 Conclusions

References

Index

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