Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Introduction

The premise of the book

The contents summarized

1 Defining the Food Security Problem

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The core concept

1.3 Basic terms and meanings

1.4 Concept pictures

1.4.1 The increase of agricultural production

1.4.2 Achievement of sustainable landscape stability

1.5 The learning process approach

2 Evaluating the Resources of Small-scale and Subsistence Farmers

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Small-scale and subsistence farmers’ households

2.3 Population pressures

2.4 Land use in AFR and SAS

2.4.1 AFR

2.4.2 SAS

2.5 Population density

3 Alternative Approaches Examined

3.1 Relevant to participatory learning and action (PLA)

3.1.1 The acceptance of PLA

3.1.2 Setting standards for participation

3.1.3 Root definitions and conceptual models regarding a blueprint and a learning process approach

3.2 Relevant to ideal type models and ‘real world’ problem situations

3.2.1 The conflict

3.2.2 The combined approach

4 The Need for a Participatory Approach

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The process

4.2.1 General

4.2.2 The methodology followed

4.3 Relevant to agricultural production

4.3.1 The potential to increase agricultural productivity

4.3.2 Setting standards for participation

4.3.3 Root definition and conceptual model

4.4 Relevant to landscape stability

4.4.1 The potential to achieve a stable landscape

4.4.2 Factors influencing sustainable soil patterns

4.4.3 Root definition and conceptual model

5 Researching the Situation to Define Strategies

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Finding out what changes are needed

5.2.1 Research questions

5.2.2 The questionnaire suggested for the research

5.3 The activities to be carried out to implement changes

5.3.1 Introduction

5.3.2 Activities

5.4 The monitoring system

5.4.1 Introduction

5.4.2 The fundamental strategic steps

5.5 Indicators

5.5.1 General

5.5.2 The subjectivity of indicators

5.5.3 Type of indicators

5.6 Methods used to collect and register

5.6.1 To monitor the stability of the landscape

5.6.2 To monitor agricultural productivity

5.6.3 Control action

6 Challenges Presented by Natural and Man-made Factors

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Trends of ecosystems

6.2.1 Natural and spatial variability

6.2.2 Resilience and resistance

6.2.3 State factors and interactive controls

6.3 Trends of population growth and density

6.3.1 Population growth

6.3.2 Population densities

6.4 Trends of agricultural production and food security

6.4.1 Expand the cultivated area

6.4.2 The intensity of land use

6.4.3 The increase of yield

6.5 The impact of internal political instability

7 The Competition for Resources for Food Production

7.1 The question of producing crops for food or bio-fuel

7.1.1 Competition between crops for food and energy

7.1.2 Market disturbance

7.1.3 Crops for the production of ethanol

7.2 The potential to achieve objectives

7.2.1 The World Food Summit

7.2.2 The effects of human activities - some examples

7.2.3 Independent control variables and agricultural production

8 Monitoring Intervention Strategies in Different Farming Systems

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Definitions described

8.2.1 Farm system

8.2.2 Farming system

8.3 Sub-Saharan Africa

8.3.1 Characteristics of the region

8.3.2 Farming systems in AFR

8.3.3 A closer look at a selection of farming systems in AFR

8.4 South Asia

8.4.1 Characteristics of the region

8.4.2 Farming systems in SAS

8.4.3 A closer look at a selection of farming systems in SAS

9 Small-scale and Subsistence Farmers’ Households and Selected Farming Systems

9.1 Typical households

9.1.1 Some households in Sub-Saharan Africa (AFR)

9.1.2 Some households in South Asia (SAS)

9.2 Strategic priorities

9.2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa

9.2.2 South Asia

10 Liaison of International, National and Local Agencies - Conclusion

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Tensions

10.2.1 Cultural environment and participation

10.2.2 Communication

10.2.3 Higher education

10.2.4 Terms of trade

10.2.5 The physical infrastructure

10.3 Work together

10.3.1 Introduction

10.3.2 The process of action

10.4 Conclusion

10.4.1 Global problems affecting food security

10.4.2 Summary of main points

10.4.3 Final paragraph

List of tables

List of figures

Abbreviations, Acronyms and Organizations

Glossary

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Bibliography

Appendices

Index

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