Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Introduction

Significance of Tick-borne Diseases

Geographic Scope

Methods Used for the Systematic Review of the Literature

Identification Methods for Tick Species, Including the Most Recent Advanced Techniques and their Limitations

1 Emerging (Re-emerging) Tick-borne Infections and the Dissemination of Ticks

2 Basic Biology and Geographical Distribution of Tick Species Involved in the Transmission of Animal Pathogens, Including Zoonoses

2.1 Soft Ticks (Argasidae)

2.2 Hard Ticks (Ixodidae)

3 Factors Influencing the Spread and Distribution of Ticks

3.1 Climate Changes

3.2 Changes in Land Use

3.3 Movement of Animals

4 Tick-borne Infections (Including Zoonoses) in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin

4.1 African Swine Fever

4.2 Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

4.3 Tick-borne Encephalitis Group

4.4 Anaplasmoses

4.5 Ehrlichioses

4.6 Rickettsioses

4.7 Lyme Borrelioses

4.8 Recurrent (Relapsing) Fever

4.9 Piroplasmoses

4.10 Hepatozoonosis

4.11 Other Potentially Tick-borne Infections

5 Maps of Reported Occurrence of Tick-borne Pathogens

5.1 African Swine Fever

5.2 Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

5.3 Tick-borne Encephalitis Group Viruses

5.4 Anaplasmoses and Ehrlichioses

5.5 Rickettsioses

5.6 Borrelioses

5.7 Babesioses

5.8 Theilerioses

5.9 Equine Piroplasmoses

5.10 Bartonelloses

5.11 Tularaemia

5.12 Q fever

6 Maps of Reported Occurrence of Ticks

6.1 Soft Ticks (Argasidae), Genus Ornithodoros

6.2 Hard Ticks (Ixodidae)

7 Surveillance and Control Measures

7.1 Introduction to Surveillance and its Aim

7.2 Control Options for Hard Ticks

7.3 Control Possibilities for Soft Ticks

Glossary

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Appendices

Appendix 1 Tables of Geographic Distribution Data for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

Table A1.1. Geographic distribution data for African swine fever virus (ASFV)

Table A1.2. Geographic distribution data for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV)

Table A1.3. Geographic distribution data for the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) group

Table A1.4. Geographic distribution data for Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. now included in Anaplasma spp.

Table A1.5. Geographic distribution data for Rickettsia spp.

Table A1.6. Geographic distribution data for Borrelia spp.

Table A1.7. Geographic distribution data for Babesia spp.

Table A1.8. Geographic distribution data for Theileria spp.

Table A1.9. Geographic distribution data for equine piroplasmoses

Table A1.10. Geographic distribution data for Bartonella spp.

Table A1.11. Geographic distribution data for Francisella tularensis

Table A1.12. Geographic distribution data for Coxiella burnetii

Table A1.13. Geographic distribution data for Ornithodoros spp.

Table A1.14. Geographic distribution data for Ixodes ricinus

Table A1.15. Geographic distribution data for Haemaphysalis punctata

Table A1.16. Geographic distribution data for Haemaphysalis concinna

Table A1.17. Geographic distribution data for Haemaphysalis inermis

Table A1.18. Geographic distribution data for Hyalomma marginatum

Table A1.19. Geographic distribution data for Rhipicephalus sanguineus group (Rh. sanguineus and Rh. turanicus)

Table A1.20. Geographic distribution data for Rhipicephalus bursa

Table A1.21. Geographic distribution data for Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus

Table A1.22. Geographic distribution data for Dermacentor marginatus

Table A1.23. Geographic distribution data for Dermacentor reticulatus

Table A1.24. Data from serological surveillance of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in domestic animals

Table A1.25. Geographic distribution data for Rickettsia spp.

Appendix 2 List (By ID Number) of References from which Geographic Data Were Extracted

Appendix 3 List of Scientific Papers That Could Not Be Retrieved

Appendix 4 Keys for Genera and Species of Ticks in the Mediterranean Basin

Index

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