Description
This book is concerned with protein metabolism at the physiological, not the molecular level and particularly with studies on human beings. Protein turnover is a vital function, no less important than oxygen turnover, because of this over the last 20 years there has been an increase in the research on protein turnover in man, with parallel work on farm animals. Methods that have been used for measuring whole body protein turnover in man, the underlying problems and assumptions and the problems that have been encountered are discussed in this comprehensive book.
Chapter
2 Models and Their Analysis
2.2 Compartmental Analysis
3 Free Amino Acids: Their Pools, Kinetics and Transport
3.2 Nutritional Effects on the Free Amino Acid Pools
3.3 Kinetics of Free Amino Acids
3.4 Amino Acid Transport Across Cell Membranes
4 Metabolism of Some Amino Acids
5.1 Transfer-RNA as the Precursor for Synthesis
5.2 A ’Reciprocal’ Metabolite as Precursor
5.3 A Rapidly Synthesized Protein as Precursor
6 Precursor Method: Whole Body Protein Turnover Measured by the Precursor Method
6.2 Outline of the Method
6.3 Variability of Whole Body Synthesis Rates in Healthy Adults by the Precursor Method
6.4 Sites of Administration and of Sampling
6.6 The First-pass Effect
6.9 Measurement of Protein Turnover with Amino Acids other than Leucine
7 Measurement of Whole Body Protein Turnover by the End-product Method
7.3 Alternative End-products (EP)
7.4 Measurement of Flux with a Single End-product
7.5 Behaviour of Different Amino Acids in the End-product Method: Choice of Glycine
7.6 Comparisons of Different Protocols
7.7 Summary of Measurements of Protein Synthesis in Normal Adults by the End-product Method
7.9 Comparison of Synthesis Rates Measured by the End-product and Precursor Methods
7.10 Comparison of Oxidation Rates by the Two Methods
7.12 Kinetics Findings by the End-product Method
8 Amino Acid Oxidation and Urea Metabolism
9 The Effects of Food and Hormones on Protein Turnover in the Whole Body and Regions
9.1 The Immediate Effects of Food
9.2 The Effects of Hormones on Protein Turnover in the Whole Body, Limb or Splanchnic Region
10 Adaptation to Different Protein Intakes: Protein and Amino Acid Requirements
10.2 Requirements for Protein and Amino Acids
11 Physiological Determinants of Protein Turnover
11.1 Body Size – the Contribution of Allometry
11.3 The Effect of Muscular Activity and Immobility on Protein Turnover
12 Whole Body Protein Turnover at Different Ages and in Pregnancy and Lactation
12.3 Infants 6 months–2 years
13 Protein Turnover in Some Pathological States: Malnutrition and Trauma
14 Protein Turnover in Individual Tissues: Methods of Measurement and Relations to RNA
14.1 Methods of Breakdown
14.2 Measurements of Synthesis
14.3 RNA Content and Activity
15 Protein Turnover in Tissues: Effects of Food and Hormones
15.1 Synthesis in the Normal State
15.2 The effects of Food on Protein Turnover in Tissues
15.3 The Effects of Hormones on Protein Turnover in Tissues
16.2 Other Nutrient Transport Proteins
16.3 The Acute-phase Proteins
17.2 Markers of Synthesis and Breakdown
18 The Coordination of Synthesis and Breakdown
Protein Turnover
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