Contents

Preface

Contributors

Reviewers

1 Introduction

1.1 History and Purpose of Quarantine and Phytosanitation Requirements

1.2 Review of Treatments

1.3 Survey of Heat Treatments

1.4 Heat Treatments for Microbial Control

1.5 Tolerance of Commodities to Heat Treatments

1.6 Conclusions

1.7 References

2 Fundamental Heat Transfer Theory for Thermal Treatments

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Conventional Heat Transfer Theory

2.3 Dielectric Heating

2.4 Case Studies to Demonstrate the Differences between Conventional and Dielectric Heating

2.5 Closing Remarks

2.6 References

3 Temperature Measurement

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Principles and Properties

3.3 Sensor Calibration, Precision and Response Time

3.4 Application of Temperature Sensors

3.5 Temperature Control

3.6 Closing Remarks

3.7 References

4 Physiological Responses of Agricultural Commodities to Heat Treatments

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Effects on Physiology

4.3 Types of Heat Damage

4.4 Responses of Dried Commodities to Heat Treatment

4.5 Factors Affecting Response to Heat Treatment

4.6 Conclusions

4.7 References

5 Experimental and Simulation Methods of Insect Thermal Death Kinetics

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Experimental Methods for Obtaining Thermal Kinetic Response Information

5.3 Insect Mortality Models

5.4 Model Comparisons

5.5 Model Applications

5.6 Closing Remarks

5.7 References

6 Biology and Thermal Death Kinetics of Selected Insects

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Biology and Economic Impact of Target Species

6.3 Thermal Death Data

6.4 Influence of Life Stages and Species on Thermal Mortality

6.5 Activation Energies for Thermal Kill of Insect Pests

6.6 Preconditioning Effects on Thermotolerance of Pests

6.7 Effect of Heating Rates in Thermal Treatments

6.8 Closing Remarks

6.9 References

7 Thermal Control of Fungi in the Reduction of Postharvest Decay

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Responses of Fungi to Thermal Heat: in Vitro Studies

7.3 Methods of Thermal Treatment

7.4 Conclusions

7.5 Acknowledgements

7.6 References

8 Disinfestation of Stored Products and Associated Structures Using Heat

8.1 Introduction

8.2 The Use of Heat for Insect Management

8.3 Effects of High Temperatures on Stored-product Insects

8.4 Heat Tolerance in Stored-product Insects

8.5 Survey of Current Thermal Kinetic Data: Empirical Methods and Common Models

8.6 Current Status of Research and Development in Heat Disinfestation of Stored Products

8.7 Heat Disinfestation of Structures

8.8 Conclusions

8.9 References

9 Considerations for Phytosanitary Heat Treatment Research

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Source of Research Organisms

9.3 Rearing Conditions

9.4 Methods of Infesting Commodities for Disinfestation Research

9.5 Determination of Disinfestation Policy

9.6 Commodity Conditioning

9.7 Commercial Possibilities

9.8 Conclusions and Recommendations

9.9 References

10 Heat with Controlled Atmospheres

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Mode of Action of Controlled Atmospheres on Insects

10.3 Effects of Controlled Atmospheres on Commodities

10.4 Effects of Heat and Controlled Atmospheres on Arthropod Pests

10.5 Commodity Response to High-temperature Controlled Atmospheres

10.6 Synergistic Effects of Heat and Controlled Atmospheres

10.7 Promising Treatments

10.8 Summary

10.9 References

11 The Influence of Heat Shock Proteins on Insect Pests and Fruits in Thermal Treatments

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Heat Shock Proteins

11.3 Heat Shock Responses and Heat Shock Proteins in Plant Tissue

11.4 Heat Shock Responses and Heat Shock Proteins in Insects

11.5 Discussion

11.6 References

12 Thermal Treatment Protocol Development and Scale-up

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Strategies for Thermal Treatment Development

12.3 Systematic Development of RF Treatment for In-shell Walnuts

12.4 Developing RF Treatments for Fresh Fruits

12.5 Conclusions

12.6 References

13 Commercial Quarantine Heat Treatments

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Definitions and Concepts

13.3 Quarantine Heat Treatments

13.4 Quarantine Treatment Protocols

13.5 Quarantine Security Statistics

13.6 Developing Quarantine Heat Treatments

13.7 Commodity Quality

13.8 Experimental Heat Treatment Equipment

13.9 Heat Treatment Research

13.10 Commercial Heat Treatment Equipment and Facilities

13.11 Approved Commercial Heat Treatments

13.12 Summary

13.13 References

Index

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