Chapter
1. Challenges and Opportunities
Fundamental Questions Addressed
Loss of protective vegetative cover and accelerated loss of soil resources
Soil loss and nutrient depletion in humid tropical regions
Problems of sustaining people’s livelihood
Meeting the Challenges: Some Examples
Alleviating water scarcity in arid regions
Providing necessary natural resources to people
Reconciling timber production and other watershed values
Sustaining agricultural production on marginal lands
2. Land Use, Watershed Management and Cumulative Effects
Interactions of Land Uses
Availability of high-quality water
Wood production and other forestry activities
Urban development and roads
Linkages Between Land Use, Soil and Water
Achieving watershed management objectives
Maintaining good watershed condition
Sustaining and improving on-site productivity
Increasing water yield: implications for water supply
Rehabilitation activities
Watershed health: a dynamic equilibrium
Upstream–downstream connections
Institutional Effectiveness
Dealing with Conflicting Interests
Customary Water Rights, Water Laws and Treaties
Customary and statutory water rights
Land tenure and water rights
In-country water sharing agreements
International treaties and transcountry boundary institutions
Incentives and market-based institutions
Other incentive considerations
Water prices, subsidies and cost recovery
Payment for environmental services
Governmental Agencies, Land and Water User Groups and Other Organizational Mechanisms
Government agencies, boards and commissions
Water user groups and associations
4. Planning and Policy Making
Setting the Context for Planning
Watershed-level Planning and Action
Lessons from Past Experience: Lessons for the Future
Economics as a Planning and Management Tool
Principles related to economics as a planning and management tool
Principles related to values and valuation
Principles related to externalities, transfer payments and payments for environmental services
Steps in the economic assessment process
5. Hydrologic Processes and Technical Aspects
Application of the water budget
Impacts of watershed characteristics on hydrologic processes
Stream Channels, Floods, Flood Plains and Land Use
6. Monitoring and Evaluation to Improve Performance
Relationship of Monitoring to Evaluation
Design of Monitoring Programmes
Determining information needs
Monitoring the Biophysical System
Types of biophysical monitoring
Monitoring Socio-economic Impacts
Determining information needs
7. Research, Training, Information and Technology Transfer
Contributions of Research to Watershed Management
Roles of researchers and managers
Classroom training activities
8. Adaptive, Integrated Management of Watersheds: Concluding Thoughts
Role of Adaptive Management
Components of the Process
Applying Adaptive Management
Annex 3.1. A Process to Identify, Assess, and Deal with Policy Issues
Annex 3.2. Principles and Standards for Privatization
Annex 4.1. Stakeholders Categories
Annex 4.2. Time Value of Money, Discount Rates, Discounting and Compounding
Annex 4.3. Selected Bibliography of Useful References Dealing with the Economics of Natural Resources and Integrated Water and Watershed Management
Annex 6.1. A procedure for monitoring Water Quality to Insure Credibility and Consistency
Annex 6.2. Database Management Systems and Database Models
Annex 6.3. Computer Simulation Models
Annex 6.4. Geographic Information Systems
Annex 7.1. Establishing a Research Agenda
Annex 7.2. Illustrative Modules and Sessions for Watershed Management Training Activities
Annex 7.3. Planning Watershed Management Training Activities
Integrated Watershed Management
：Connecting People to their Land and Water
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