Description
Pandemic influenza is an example of an emerging pathogen that could have, and has had, serious public health consequences. Following three global pandemics in the last 100 years and the recent avian and swine influenza outbreaks, preparedness on national and international scales is of vital importance. With a strong emphasis on practical preparedness issues, and covering areas not dealt with by traditional texts, this book covers influenza epidemiology, vaccinology, virology and immunology, pharmaceutical and public health countermeasures, policy issues, biomathematical modelling, ethics and communication between health professionals and the public, promoting the better understanding of influenza that will be needed to battle future pandemics.Each chapter raises five key questions at the beginning and proceeds to answer them in clear and concise sections, also providing selected papers for further reading and detailing relevant modelling studies. It is an essential text students in virology, epidemiology, infectious diseases, public health and medical sciences, and for all those involved in pandemic preparedness.
Chapter
1 Seasonal Influenza: Epidemiology, Clinical Features and Surveillance
1.1 Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza are Related Diseases
1.4 Timing and Seasonality
1.5 Burden of Illness and Clinical Attack Rates
1.6 Influenza in Children
1.10 Nosocomial Infection and Outbreaks in Semi-closed Communities
1.11 Surveillance Data on Seasonal Influenza and Pandemic Needs
2 Basic Influenza Virology and Immunology
3 Avian and Animal Influenza: Manifestations in Man
3.2 Avian Influenza in Wild and Domesticated Birds
3.3 Influenza in Other Species
3.4 Avian Influenza in Man
3.5 Managing the Human and Public Health Consequences of Avian Influenza in Poultry
3.6 Pandemic Preparedness
4 Brief History and Epidemiological Features of Pandemic Influenza
4.2 Prerequisites for Pandemic Influenza
4.3 Pandemics before the 20th Century
4.4 Influenza Pandemics of the 20th Century
4.5 Swine Flu, 1976: a Pandemic Averted?
4.6 Re-emergence of Influenza A/H1N1 in 1977
4.7 Antigenic Recycling in Relation to Human Pandemics
4.8 Will an Avian Influenza Virus Cause a Future Pandemic?
4.9 Pandemic Preparedness
5 Influenza Transmission and Related Infection Control Issues
5.2 What is Known about Influenza Transmission?
5.3 What is Unknown about Influenza Transmission?
5.4 What can Reasonably be Deduced about Influenza Transmission?
5.5 Modes of Transmission of Infection
5.6 Infection Control Precautions to Counteract Transmission
5.7 Which Infection Control Precautions are Required for Influenza?
5.8 Counteracting Droplet Transmission
5.9 Influenza Transmission: the Evidence For and Against the Different Modes of Transmission
5.10 The Debate: Current Thinking Regarding Influenza Transmission
5.11 Counteracting Transmission
5.12 Aerosol-generating Procedures
5.13 Translating Evidence on Transmission into Practical Advice
5.14 Unresolved Questions for Further Research
6 The Role of Emergency Planning, Business Continuity and Exercises in Pandemic Preparedness
6.2 Emergency Preparedness and Business Continuity Planning
6.3 Interdependency and Interoperability
6.4 Background to the Role of Exercises in Pandemic Preparedness
6.6 Potential Problems in the Design of Pandemic Influenza Exercises
7 Bio-mathematical Modelling (What Will and Won't Work)
7.2 How Bad Might a Pandemic Be?
7.4 What Do the Models Look Like?
7.7 How Much Confidence Should We Have in Modelling?
8 Pharmaceutical Interventions
9.2 Seasonal Influenza Vaccines: the Basis for Pandemic Vaccine Development and Production
9.3 The Key Challenges of Pandemic Vaccine Development and Production
9.4 Current Status of Pandemic Vaccine Development and Future Prospects
9.5 Vaccination Policies and Pandemic Preparedness
9.6 The Impact of Pandemic Influenza on Seasonal Influenza Vaccines
10 National and International Public Health Countermeasures
10.2 Rationale and Objectives
10.3 Effectiveness and Secondary Effects
10.4 Timing and Implementation
11 Societal and Economic Impacts of an Influenza Pandemic
11.2 Human Health Impacts
11.5 Societal Maintenance and Breakdown
11.6 Health and Social Care Capacity
12 Ethical Issues Related to Pandemic Preparedness and Response
12.2 Ethics as an Integral Part of Pandemic Preparedness and Response
12.3 Global Issues and the Role of the World Health Organization
12.4 Voluntary and Mandatory Non-medical Measures
12.5 Health Professionals' Duty of Care
12.6 Prioritization and Access to Healthcare
12.7 National Approaches to Ethical Issues
13 Communication with the Public
13.2 Getting the Message Across
13.3 World Health Organization Principles for Outbreak Communication
13.4 Media Communications
13.5 Spokespeople and Trust
13.6 A Varied Communications Strategy
13.7 Message Timing and Intensity
13.9 Local Communications
13.10 Internal Communications
14 Case Study 1: Port Health and International Health Regulations
14.2 International Health Regulations (2005)
14.3 International Organizations
14.4 Misconceptions of Risk
14.5 Lessons Provided by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
14.7 The Layered Approach
14.8 Generic Communicable Disease Control Applied to Pandemic Influenza
14.9 Management of Pandemic Influenza at Ports
15 Case Study 2: Issues Facing Pandemic Preparedness in Asia–Pacific Countries
15.2 Understanding the Burden of Influenza
15.3 Pharmaceutical Measures (Availability of Antivirals and Vaccines)
15.4 Non-pharmaceutical Measures (Use of Public Health Interventions)
16 Case Study 3: Issues Facing Pandemic Preparedness in Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union
16.2 International Assistance
16.3 Understanding the Burden of Influenza
16.4 Pharmaceutical Measures (Availability of Antivirals and Vaccines)
16.5 Non-pharmaceutical Measures (Use of Public Health Interventions)
16.7 International Health Regulations
Introduction to Pandemic Influenza
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