Nanomaterials for Environmental Protection

Copyright

Contents

Preface

List of Contributors

List of Abbreviations

Part I Remediation with Use of Metals, Metal Oxides, Complexes and Composites

Chapter 1 Groundwater Water Remediation by Static Diffusion Using Nano-Zero Valent Metals (Fe0, Cu0, Al0), n-FeHn+, n-Fe(OH)x, n-FeOOH, n-Fe-[OxHy](n+/−)

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Contaminants Removed by n-Fe0, n-Cu0, and n-Al0

1.3 Remediation Mechanisms

1.4 Remediation Market

1.5 Conclusions

Appendix 1.A List of Abbreviations and Equation Symbols

Appendix 1.B Ions (Oxides, Hydrides, Peroxides, and Hydroxides) Removed by Precipitation Due to the Alteration of Eh and pH in Groundwater by ZVM

Appendix 1.C Half Reactions and Redox Potentials Associated with ZVM

References

Chapter 2 Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Wastewater Disinfection

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Photoactive Metal Oxides

2.3 Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms

2.4 Visible Light Absorbing Semiconductors

2.5 Slurries or Immobilized Photocatalyst

2.6 TiO2 Particles and Nanotubes

2.7 Photocatalysis on TiO2 Nanotubes

2.8 Photoelectrocatalysis on TDN

2.9 Other Nanostructured Metal Oxides

2.10 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3 Cu2O-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Protection: Relationship between Structure and Photocatalytic Activity, Application, and Mechanism

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Structural Feature and Cu2O Modification

3.3 Cu2O-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Protection

3.4 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4 Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Multifunctional Nanocomposites Development: From Fabrication to Processing

4.3 Characterization and Property Analysis of Multifunctional Nanocomposites

4.4 Environmental Remediation through Multifunctional Nanocomposites

4.5 Summary

References

Chapter 5 Nanomaterials for the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions

5.1 Introduction

5.2 NMs for BTEX Removal

5.3 Nanomaterials for Chlorobenzene Removal

5.4 NMs for Chlorinated Alkenes Removal

5.5 NMs for Phenol Removal

5.6 The Impact of NMs on VOC Removal by Other Processes

5.7 Challenges in the Use of NMs for VOC Remediation

References

Chapter 6 Hybrid Metal Nanoparticle-Containing Polymer Nanofibers for Environmental Applications

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Challenges of Environmental Nanotechnology

6.3 Electrospinning Technology

6.4 Fabrication of Hybrid Metal NP-Containing Polymer Nanofibers

6.5 Environmental Applications of Hybrid Metal NP-Containing Polymer Nanofibers

6.6 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 7 Nanomaterials on the Basis of Chelating Agents, Metal Complexes, and Organometallics for Environmental Purposes

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Elemental Metals Functionalized with Chelating Ligands

7.3 N-Containing Ligands

7.4 O-Containing Ligands

7.5 N,O-Containing Ligands

7.6 S-Containing Ligands

7.7 P-Containing Ligands

7.8 Nanocomposites on the Basis of Organometallic Compounds

7.9 Conclusions

References

Part II Remediation with Use of Carbon Nanotubes

Chapter 8 Carbon Nanotubes: Next-Generation Nanomaterials for Clean Water Technologies

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Modification of CNTs

8.3 Adsorption of Heavy Metals

8.4 Adsorption of Bacterial Pathogens

8.5 CNT-Based Membranes

8.6 Lifecycle Assessment of CNTs

8.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Part III Photocatalytical Remediation

Chapter 9 New Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for Treatment of Toxic Metals and Arsenic

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Basic Principles of HP

9.3 Arsenic

9.4 Chromium

9.5 Uranium

9.6 Lead

9.7 Mercury

9.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10 Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Water Treatment

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Photocatalytic Reaction

10.3 Synthesis Techniques

10.4 Strategies for Increasing Photoreactivity

10.5 Particle Shape Calculation

10.6 Controlled Crystal Growth

10.7 Application of Photocatalysis in Water Treatment

References

Chapter 11 Destruction of Chloroorganic Compounds with Nanophotocatalysts

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Principle of the Method

11.3 Materials and Equipment

11.4 Results and Discussions

11.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12 Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Organic Dye Degradation and Hydrogen Production via Photocatalysis

12.1 Introduction

Acknowledgments

References

Part IV Nanoadsorbents and Nanofiltration

Chapter 13 Advanced Oxidation Processes, Nanofiltration, and Application of Bubble Column Reactor

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Vision of AOP

13.3 Vision of Nanofiltration and the Wide Domain of Membrane Science and its Impact on Scientific Research Pursuit

13.4 Further Research Endeavor in the Field of Nanofiltration

13.5 Research Thrust Areas in the Field of AOPs and the Vision toward Effective Ozonation Procedures

13.6 Man’s Scientific Mind toward Novel Environmental Engineering Procedures

13.7 Application of a Bubble Column Reactor and Vision of Innovative Ideas

13.8 Doctrine of Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of a Bubble Column Reactor

13.9 Doctrine of Hydrodynamics of Bubble Column Reactor and Multiphase Flow

13.10 Hidden Truth in the Domain of Environmental Engineering and Nanofiltration

13.11 Future Vision and Future Flow of Thoughts

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 14 Carbon Nanomaterials as Adsorbents for Environmental Analysis

14.1 Introduction

14.2 CNMs for Environmental Analysis

14.3 Adsorption on CNMs

14.4 CNMs for Preconcentration of Environmental Pollutants

14.5 Chromatographic Applications of CNMs

14.6 Membranes Applications of CNMs

14.7 Other Applications of CNMs

14.8 Conclusions and Future Vision

References

Suggested Websites

Chapter 15 Application of Nanoadsorbents in Water Treatment

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Nanoadsorbents in Water Treatment

15.3 Conclusions

References

Chapter 16 Organo-Clay Nanohybrid Adsorbents in the Removal of Toxic Metal Ions

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Organo-Modification with Small Molecules

16.3 Polymer Modification

16.4 Conclusions and Prospects

References

Part V Membranes on Nanomaterials Basis

Chapter 17 Water Remediation Using Nanoparticle and Nanocomposite Membranes

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Nanoparticles in Water Remediation

17.3 Nanocomposite Membranes in Water Remediation

17.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Part VI Green Methods in Nanomaterials Synthesis

Chapter 18 Green Methodologies in the Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Biosynthesis Methods

18.3 Microwave-Assisted Nanoparticle Synthesis

18.4 Sonochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles

18.5 Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles

18.6 Sonoelectrochemical Reduction

18.7 Supercritical Solvents for Nanoparticle Synthesis

18.8 Solar Energy

18.9 Concentrated Solar Energy

18.10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 19 An Environmentally Friendly and Green Approach for Synthesis and Applications of Silver Nanoparticles

19.1 Introduction

19.2 The Story of Silver NPs

19.3 Why Microbial Synthesis?

19.4 Biogenerators of Silver NPs

19.5 Principle of NP Biosynthesis

19.6 Mechanism of Silver NP Synthesis

19.7 Peptides

19.8 Enzymes

19.9 External Factors Affecting NPs Production

19.10 Purification of NPs

19.11 Applications of NPs

19.12 Medicinal Applications

19.13 Environmental Applications

19.14 Rising Concern over Nanosilver Toxicity

19.15 Conclusion

References

Chapter 20 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Biological Routes

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Bioremediation

20.3 Metal Nanoparticles

20.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

20.5 Metal Sulfide Nanoparticles

20.6 Metal Carbonate Nanoparticles

20.7 Bioleaching: A Truly “Green” Biological Approach

20.8 Novel Approach toward Biosynthesis

20.9 Outlook

References

Part VII CO2 Adsorption

Chapter 21 Nanomaterials for Carbon Dioxide Adsorption

21.1 Introduction

21.2 CO2 Storage and Sequestration

21.3 Novel Technologies

References

Part VIII Intelligent Nanomaterials

Chapter 22 Development of Intelligent Nanomaterials as a Strategy to Solve Environmental Problems

22.1 Environmentally Responsive Materials as Mechanical Actuators

22.2 Thermally Responsive Polymers (PNIPAM)

22.3 Noble Metal Nanoparticles

22.4 Calculus of Extinction Spectra in Metallic Nanoparticles Using Mie Theory

22.5 Energy Conversion of Metallic Nanoparticles

22.6 Synthesis Routes of Environmentally Sensitive Polymer–Metal Nanoparticle Hybrids

22.7 Conclusions

References

Part IX Desalination

Chapter 23 Engineered Nanomaterials for Purification and Desalination of Palatable Water

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Desalination

23.3 Aquaporins

23.4 Ferritins

23.5 Single Enzyme Nanoparticles

23.6 Carbon Nanotubes

23.7 Porous Media and Ceramics

23.8 Nanofiltration

23.9 Dendrimers

23.10 Metal Nanoparticles

23.11 Graphene

23.12 Water Site Remediation/Nanoremediation

23.13 Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron

23.14 Conclusions

References

Part X Nanocatalysis

Chapter 24 Nanocatalytic Wastewater Treatment System for the Removal of Toxic Organic Compounds

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation

24.3 Catalytic Ozonation

24.4 Catalytic Electrochemical Processes

24.5 Catalytic Fenton Process

24.6 Sonocatalytic Processes

24.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 25 Catalyst Design Based on Nano-Sized Inorganic Core of Enzymes: Design of EnvironmentallY Friendly Catalysts

25.1 Methods

Acknowledgment

References

Part XI Nanosensors

Chapter 26 Neutron-Fluence Nanosensors Based on Boron-Containing Materials

References

Part XII Nanoreservoirs for Hydrogen Storage

Chapter 27 Hydrogen Nanoreservoirs Made of Boron Nitride

27.1 BN Surfaces

27.2 BN Nanotubes

27.3 BN Fullerenes

27.4 BN Nanocompounds

27.5 Other Boron-Rich Nanomaterials

References

Part XIII Fuel Cells on Nanomaterials Basis

Chapter 28 Fuel Cells with Nanomaterials for Ecologically Pure Transport

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Fuel Cell Vehicles

28.3 Nanomaterials as Catalysts

28.4 Nanomaterials as Catalyst Support

28.5 Nanostructured Membranes

28.6 Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Storage

28.7 Conclusion

References

Part XIV Remediation of Radionuclides

Chapter 29 Humic Functional Derivatives and Nanocoatings for Remediation of Actinide-Contaminated Environments

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Redox-Enhanced Humic Materials and their Interactions with Actinides

29.3 Humic Nanocoatings and Their Use for Sequestration of Mobile Actinides in Their Higher-Valence State

29.4 Case Study on Humic-Based Nanotechnology Solutions to Remediation

29.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Part XV Environmental Risks and Toxicity

Chapter 30 Environmental Risks of Nanotechnology: Evaluating the Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials

30.1 Introduction

30.2 The Biosystem—Nanomaterial Interaction

30.3 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 31 Environmental Risk, Human Health, and Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Application of Nanoparticles

31.3 Toxicity of Inorganic Nanoparticles

31.4 Mechanism of Cytotoxicity and Genotoxictiy of Nanoparticles

31.5 In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity Assays

31.6 Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Nanoparticles

31.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 32 Implications of the Use of Nanomaterials for Environmental Protection: Challenges in Designing Environmentally Relevant Toxicological Experiments

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Fate of NMs in Solution

32.3 Recommendations/Guidelines

32.4 Future Work and Pressing Problems

Acknowledgments

References

Concluding Remarks

References

Author Index

Subject Index