Understanding Organometallic Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis :Computational and Experimental Tools

Publication subTitle :Computational and Experimental Tools

Author: Valentin P. Ananikov  

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc‎

Publication year: 2014

E-ISBN: 9783527678242

P-ISBN(Hardback):  9783527335626

Subject: O6 Chemistry

Language: ENG

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Description

Exploring and highlighting the new horizons in the studies of reaction mechanisms that open joint application of experimental studies and theoretical calculations is the goal of this book.

The latest insights and developments in the mechanistic studies of organometallic reactions and catalytic processes are presented and reviewed. The book adopts a unique approach, exemplifying how to use experiments, spectroscopy measurements, and computational methods to reveal reaction pathways and molecular structures of catalysts, rather than concentrating solely on one discipline. The result is a deeper understanding of the underlying reaction mechanism and correlation between molecular structure and reactivity. The contributions represent a wealth of first-hand information from renowned experts working in these disciplines, covering such topics as activation of small molecules, C-C and C-Heteroatom bonds formation, cross-coupling reactions, carbon dioxide converison, homogeneous and heterogeneous transition metal catalysis and metal-graphene systems. With the knowledge gained, the reader will be able to improve existing reaction protocols and rationally design more efficient catalysts or selective reactions.

An indispensable source of information for synthetic, analytical, and theoretical chemists in academia and industry.

Chapter

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2 Fundamental Aspects of the Metal-Catalyzed C-H Bond Functionalization by Diazocarbenes: Guiding Principles for Design of Catalyst with Non-redox-Active Metal (Such as Ca) and Non-Innocent Ligand

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Electronic Structure of Free Carbenes

2.1.2 Electronic Structure of Metallocarbenes

2.2 Theoretical Models and Methods

2.3 Design of Catalyst with Non-redox-Active Metal and Non-Innocent Ligand

2.3.1 The Proposed Catalyst: a Coordinatively Saturated Ca(II) Complex

2.3.2 Potential Energy Surface of the [(PDI)Ca(THF)3] Catalyzed C-H Bond Alkylation of MeCH2Ph by Unsubstituted N2CH2 Diazocarbene

2.3.3 [(PDI)Ca(THF)3]-Catalyzed C-H Bond Alkylation of MeCH2Ph by Donor-Donor (D/D) Diazocarbene N2CPh2

2.4 Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 3 Using Metal Vinylidene Complexes to Probe the Partnership Between Theory and Experiment

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 The Partnership between Theory and Experiment

3.1.2 Transition-Metal-Stabilized Vinylidenes

3.2 Project Planning in Organometallic Chemistry

3.2.1 Experimental Methodologies

3.2.2 Computational Methodologies

3.3 Case Studies

3.3.1 Mechanism of Rhodium-Mediated Alkyne to Vinylidene Transformation

3.3.2 Using Ligand Assistance to Form Ruthenium-Vinylidene Complexes

3.3.3 Vinylidenes in Gold Catalysis

3.3.4 Metal Effects on the Alkyne/Vinylidene Tautomer Preference

3.4 The Benefits of Synergy and Partnerships

References

Chapter 4 Ligand, Additive, and Solvent Effects in Palladium Catalysis - Mechanistic Studies En Route to Catalyst Design

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Effect of Solvent in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross Coupling and on the Nature of the Catalytically Active Species

4.3 Common Additives in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions - Effect on (Pre)catalyst and Active Catalytic Species

4.4 Pd(I) Dimer: Only Precatalyst or Also Catalyst?

4.5 Investigation of Key Catalytic Intermediates in High-Oxidation-State Palladium Chemistry

4.6 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 5 Computational Studies on Sigmatropic Rearrangements via π-Activation by Palladium and Gold Catalysts

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Sigmatropic Rearrangements

5.1.2 Metal-Catalyzed Sigmatropic Rearrangements

5.2 Palladium as a Catalyst

5.2.1 Palladium Alkene Activation

5.2.1.1 [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangements

5.2.1.2 [2,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangements

5.2.2 Palladium Alkyne Activation

5.3 Gold as a Catalyst

5.3.1 Gold Alkene Activation

5.3.1.1 [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangements

5.3.2 Gold Alkyne Activation

5.3.2.1 [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangements

5.4 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 6 Theoretical Insights into Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reactions of Carbon Dioxide

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Theoretical Methods

6.3 Hydrogenation of CO2 with H2

6.4 Coupling Reactions of CO2 and Epoxides

6.5 Reduction of CO2 with Organoborons

6.6 Carboxylation of Olefins with CO2

6.7 Hydrocarboxylation of Olefins with CO2 and H2

6.8 Summary

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 7 Catalytically Enhanced NMR of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydrogenations

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Parahydrogen and PHIP Basics

7.3 PHIP as a Mechanistic Tool in Homogeneous Catalysis

7.3.1 PHIP-Enhanced NMR of Reaction Products

7.3.2 PHIP Studies of Reaction Intermediates

7.3.3 Activation of H2 and Structure and Dynamics of Metal Dihydride Complexes

7.4 PHIP-Enhanced NMR and Heterogeneous Catalysis

7.4.1 PHIP with Immobilized Metal Complexes

7.4.2 PHIP with Supported Metal Catalysts

7.4.3 Model Calculations Related to Underlying Chemistry in PHIP

7.5 Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8 Combined Use of Both Experimental and Theoretical Methods in the Exploration of Reaction Mechanisms in Catalysis by Transition Metals

8.1 Introduction

8.1.1 Hammett Methodology

8.1.2 Kinetic Isotope Effects

8.1.3 Competition Experiments

8.2 Recent DFT Developments of Relevance to Transition Metal Catalysis

8.2.1 Computational Efficiency

8.2.2 Dispersion Effects

8.2.3 Solvation

8.2.4 Effective Core Potentials

8.2.5 Connecting Theory with Experiment

8.3 Case Studies

8.3.1 Rhodium-Catalyzed Decarbonylation of Aldehydes

8.3.2 Iridium-Catalyzed Alkylation of Alcohols with Amines

8.3.3 Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic C-H Alkylation

8.3.4 Ruthenium-Catalyzed Amidation of Alcohols

8.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9 Is There Something New Under the Sun? Myths and Facts in the Analysis of Catalytic Cycles

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Prologue

9.1.2 A Brief History of Catalysis

9.2 Kinetics Based on Rate Constants or Energies

9.2.1 Kinetic Graphs

9.2.2 TOF Calculation of Any Cycle

9.2.3 TOF in the E-Representation

9.3 Application: Cross-Coupling with a Bidentate Pd Complex

9.4 A Century of Sabatier's Genius Idea

9.5 Theory and Practice of Catalysis, Including Concentration Effects

9.5.1 Application: Negishi Cross-Coupling with a Ni Complex

9.5.2 Can a Reaction Be Catalyzed in Both Directions?

9.5.3 The Power Law

9.6 RDStep X, RDStates

9.6.1 Finding the RDStates

9.6.2 Finding the Irreversible Steps

9.7 Conclusion

9.7.1 The Last Myth: Defining the TOF

9.7.2 Final Words about the E-Representation

References

Chapter 10 Computational Tools for Structure, Spectroscopy and Thermochemistry

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Basic Concepts

10.2.1 Potential Energy Surface: Molecular Structure, Transition States, and Reaction Paths

10.2.2 DFT and Hybrid Approaches for Organometallic Systems

10.2.3 Description of Environment

10.3 Spectroscopic Techniques

10.3.1 Rotational Spectroscopy

10.3.1.1 Identification of Conformers/Tautomers

10.3.1.2 Accurate Equilibrium Structures

10.3.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy

10.3.2.1 Frequencies

10.3.2.2 Infrared and Raman Intensities

10.3.2.3 Effective Treatment of Fermi Resonances

10.3.2.4 Thermochemistry

10.3.2.5 Approximate Methods: Hybrid Force Fields

10.3.2.6 Approximate Methods: Reduced Dimensionality VPT2

10.3.3 Electronic Spectroscopy

10.3.3.1 General Framework for Time-Independent and Time-Dependent Computations of Vibronic Spectra

10.3.3.2 Approximate Description of Excited State PES

10.4 Applications and Case Studies

10.4.1 Thermodynamics and Vibrational Spectroscopy Beyond Harmonic Approximation: Glycine and Its Metal Complexes

10.4.1.1 Accurate Results for Isolated Glycine from Hybrid CC/DFT Computations

10.4.1.2 Glycine Adsorbed on the (100) Silicon Surface

10.4.1.3 Glycine-Metal Binding

10.4.2 Optical Properties of Organometallic Systems

10.4.2.1 Metal Complexation effects on the Structure and UV-Vis Spectra of Alizarin

10.4.2.2 Luminescent Organometallic Complexes of Technological Interest

10.4.3 Interplay of Different Effects: The Case of Chlorophyll-a

10.5 Conclusions and Future Developments

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11 Computational Modeling of Graphene Systems Containing Transition Metal Atoms and Clusters

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Quantum Chemical Modeling and Benchmarking

11.2.1 Electron Correlation Methods

11.2.1.1 Truncated Coupled Cluster Methods

11.2.1.2 Truncated Quadratic Configuration Interaction Methods

11.2.1.3 Methods of Møller-Plesset Perturbation Theory

11.2.2 Dispersion-Accounting DFT Methods

11.2.2.1 Empirically Corrected DFT Methods

11.2.2.2 Density Functionals with Nonlocal Correlation Term

11.2.3 Database and Benchmarking Considerations

11.2.3.1 S22, S66, and Related Databases

11.2.3.2 Databases of Relatively Large Intermolecular Systems

11.2.3.3 DFT Methods Benchmarking against Systems with Transition Metal Species

11.2.4 Outlook on Database and Benchmarking

11.3 Representative Studies of Graphene Systems with Transition Metals

11.3.1 Graphene Models

11.3.2 Pristine Graphene as a Substrate for Transition Metal Particles

11.3.2.1 Transition Metal Adatoms on Pristine Graphene

11.3.2.2 Metal Clusters or Nanoparticles on Pristine Graphene

11.3.3 Defective or Doped Graphene as a Support for Transition Metal Particles

11.3.3.1 Transition Metal Adatoms on Doped or Defective Graphene

11.3.3.2 Transition Metal Clusters on Doped or Defective Graphene

11.3.4 Studies of Complex Graphene Systems with Transition Metals

11.3.5 Modeling Chemical Transformations in Graphene/Transition Metal Systems

11.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

List of Abbreviations

References

Index

EULA

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