Chapter
Why Emphasize Mixed-Mode Data Collection?
What Is Tailored Design and Why Is It Needed?
Chapter 2 Reducing People's Reluctance to Respond to Surveys
Example of a Survey With a High Response Rate
Using Social Exchange Concepts to Motivate Potential Respondents
Does Social Exchange Still Apply in Today’s Asynchronous and Rapid-Fire Communication Environment?
Increasing the Benefits of Survey Participation
Decreasing the Costs of Participation
It’s More Than Just Getting People to Respond
Putting the Parts Together: Some Guidelines for Applying Social Exchange
Guideline 2.1: Use a Holistic Approach to Design
Guideline 2.2: Social Exchange Concepts Should Be Applied Differently Depending on the Survey Population, Topic, Sponsorship, and Survey Mode(s) Available
Guideline 2.3: Identify and Evaluate Whether to Change or Eliminate Design Constraints That Are Especially Likely to Have a Negative Impact on Response and Data Quality
Mixed-Mode Designs Provide New Opportunities for Applying Social Exchange
Guideline 2.4: Use Multiple Modes of Communication to Gain More Opportunities to Increase Benefits, Decrease Costs, and Build Trust
Guideline 2.5: Use Multiple Modes of Response to Increase Benefits, Decrease Costs, and Build Trust
Guideline 2.6: Utilize Knowledge From Past Research and Feedback From Early Contacts to Adapt Implementation Procedures in Order to Reduce Nonresponse Error
Returning to the WSU Doctoral Student Experience Survey: Why It Obtained Such a High Response Rate
Guidelines for Applying Social Exchange
Guidelines for Applying Social Exchange in Mixed-Mode Surveys
Chapter 3 Covering the Population and Selecting Who to Survey
Essential Definitions and Their Use
Current Coverage and Access Considerations
Common Sampling Frames and Assessing How Well They Cover the Population
Area Probability Sampling
Lack of General Population Internet Frame
How Large Should a Sample Be?
Identifying Household Members and Within-Household Respondent Selection
Postsurvey Adjustments and Calculating Sampling Error
Calculating Sampling Error
Chapter 4 The Fundamentals of Writing Questions
Issues to Consider When Starting to Craft Survey Questions
What Concepts Do I Need to Measure?
What Type of Information Is the Question Asking For?
What Survey Mode(s) Will Be Used to Ask the Questions?
Is This Question Being Repeated From Another Survey, and/or Will Answers Be Compared to Previously Collected Data?
Will Respondents Be Willing and Motivated to Answer Accurately?
The Anatomy of a Survey Question and Types of Question Formats
Guidelines for Choosing Words and Forming Questions
Guideline 4.1: Choose the Appropriate Question Format
Guideline 4.2: Make Sure the Question Applies to the Respondent
Guideline 4.3: Ask One Question at a Time
Guideline 4.4: Make Sure the Question Is Technically Accurate
Guideline 4.5: Use Simple and Familiar Words
Guideline 4.6: Use Specific and Concrete Words to Specify the Concepts Clearly
Guideline 4.7: Use as Few Words as Possible to Pose the Question
Guideline 4.8: Use Complete Sentences That Take a Question Form, and Use Simple Sentence Structures
Guideline 4.9: Make Sure “Yes” Means Yes and “No” Means No
Guideline 4.10: Organize Questions in a Way to Make It Easier for Respondents to Comprehend the Response Task
Guidelines for Choosing Words and Forming Questions
Chapter 5 How to Write Open- and Closed-Ended Questions
Guidelines for Writing Open-Ended Questions
Guideline 5.1: Specify the Type of Response Desired in the Question Stem
Guideline 5.2: Avoid Making Respondents (or Interviewers) Calculate Sums; When Possible, Have the Computer Do It
Guideline 5.3: Provide Extra Motivation to Respond
Guideline 5.4: Use Nondirective Probes to Obtain More Information on Open-Ended Items
General Guidelines for Writing All Types of Closed-Ended Questions
Guideline 5.5: When Asking Either/Or Types of Questions, State Both the Positive and Negative Side in the Question Stem
Guideline 5.6: Develop Lists of Answer Categories That Include All Reasonable Possible Answers
Guideline 5.7: Develop Lists of Answer Categories That Are Mutually Exclusive
Guideline 5.8: Consider What Types of Answer Spaces Are Most Appropriate for the Measurement Intent
Guidelines for Nominal Closed-Ended Questions
Guideline 5.9: Ask Respondents to Rank Only a Few Items at Once Rather Than a Long List
Guideline 5.10: Avoid Bias From Unequal Comparisons
Guideline 5.11: Randomize Response Options If There Is Concern About Order Effects
Guideline 5.12: Use Forced-Choice Questions Instead of Check-All-That-Apply Questions
Guidelines for Ordinal Closed-Ended Questions
Guideline 5.13: Choose Between a Unipolar or a Bipolar Scale
Guideline 5.14: Choose an Appropriate Scale Length—In General, Limit Scales to Four or Five Categories
Guideline 5.15: Choose Direct or Construct-Specific Labels to Improve Cognition
Guideline 5.16: If There Is a Natural Metric (e.g., Frequencies, Amounts, Sizes, etc.), Use It Instead of Vague Quantifiers
Guideline 5.17: Provide Balanced Scales Where Categories Are Relatively Equal Distances Apart Conceptually
Guideline 5.18: Verbally Label All Categories
Guideline 5.19: Remove Numeric Labels From Vague Quantifier Scales Whenever Possible
Guideline 5.20: Consider Branching (or Decomposing) Bipolar Scales to Ease Respondent Burden and Improve Data Quality
Guideline 5.21: Provide Scales That Approximate the Actual Distribution of the Characteristic in the Population, or Ask the Question in an Open-Ended Format to Avoid Biasing Responses
The Challenges of Writing Ordinal Closed-Ended Questions
Guidelines for Writing Open-Ended Questions
General Guidelines for Writing All Types of Closed-Ended Questions
Guidelines for Nominal Closed-Ended Questions
Guidelines for Ordinal Closed-Ended Questions
Chapter 6 Aural Versus Visual Design of Questions and Questionnaires
The Importance of Visual Design in Self-Administered Surveys
Visual Design Concepts and Their Application to Surveys
General Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Survey Questions
Guideline 6.1: Use Darker and/or Larger Print for the Question Stem and Lighter and/or Smaller Print for Answer Choices and Answer Spaces
Guideline 6.2: Use Spacing to Help Create Subgrouping Within a Question
Guideline 6.3: Visually Standardize All Answer Spaces or Response Options
Guideline 6.4: Use Visual Design Properties to Emphasize Elements That Are Important to the Respondent and to Deemphasize Those That Are Not
Guideline 6.5: Choose Font, Font Size, and Line Length to Ensure the Legibility of the Text
Guideline 6.6: Integrate Special Instructions Into the Question Where They Will Be Used, Rather Than Including Them as Free-Standing Entities
Guideline 6.7: Separate Optional or Occasionally Needed Instructions From the Question Stem by Font or Symbol Variation
Creating an Effective Question Layout
Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Open-Ended Questions
Guideline 6.8: Provide a Single Answer Box If Only One Answer Is Needed and Multiple Answer Boxes If Multiple Answers Are Needed
Guideline 6.9: Provide Answer Spaces That Are Sized Appropriately for the Response Task
Guideline 6.10: To Encourage the Use of Proper Units or a Desired Response Format, Provide Labels and Templates With Answer Spaces
Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Closed-Ended Questions
Guideline 6.11: Align Response Options Vertically in One Column or Horizontally in One Row, and Provide Equal Distance Between Categories
Guideline 6.12: Place Nonsubstantive Options After and Separate From Substantive Options
Guideline 6.13: Consider Using Differently Shaped Answer Spaces (Circles and Squares) to Help Respondents Distinguish Between Single- and Multiple-Answer Questions
Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Questionnaire Pages or Screens
Guideline 6.14: Establish Grouping and Subgrouping Within and Across Questions in the Questionnaire
Guideline 6.15: Establish Consistency in the Visual Presentation of Questions, and Use Alignment and Vertical Spacing to Help Respondents Organize Information on the Page
Guideline 6.16: Use Color and Contrast to Help Respondents Recognize the Components of the Questions and the Navigational Path Through the Questionnaire
Guideline 6.17: Visually Group Related Information in Regions Through the Use of Contrast and Enclosure
Guideline 6.18: Consistently Identify the Beginning of Each Question and/or Section
Guideline 6.19: Use Visual Elements and Properties Consistently Across Questions and Pages/Screens to Visually Emphasize or Deemphasize Certain Types of Information
Guideline 6.20: Avoid Visual Clutter
Guideline 6.21: Avoid Placing Questions Side by Side on a Page so That Respondents Are Not Asked to Answer Two Questions at Once
Guideline 6.22: Minimize the Use of Matrices and Grids, and When They Cannot Be Avoided, Minimize Their Complexity
A Case Study: The Use of Visual Design Principles to Improve Data Quality in the American Community Survey
General Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Survey Questions
Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Open-Ended Questions
Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Closed-Ended Questions
Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Questionnaire Pages or Screens
Chapter 7 Ordering Questions and Testing for Question Order Effects
Guideline 7.1: Group Related Questions That Cover Similar Topics Together
Guideline 7.2: Begin With Questions Likely to Be Salient to Nearly All Respondents and Choose the First Question Carefully
Guideline 7.3: Place Sensitive or Potentially Objectionable Questions Near the End of the Questionnaire
Guideline 7.4: When a Series of Filter and Follow-Up Questions Are to Be Used, Ask All of the Filter Questions Before Asking the Follow-Up Questions
Guideline 7.5: Ask Questions About Events in the Order the Events Occurred
Guideline 7.6: Avoid Unintended Question Order Effects
Testing Questions and Questionnaires
Guideline 7.7: Obtain Feedback on the Draft Questionnaire From Content, Questionnaire, and Analysis Experts (i.e., expert reviews)
Guideline 7.8: Conduct Cognitive Interviews of the Complete Questionnaire in Order to Identify Wording, Question Order, Visual Design, and Navigation Problems
Guideline 7.9: Conduct Experimental Evaluations of Questionnaire Components
Guideline 7.10: Conduct a Small Pilot Study With a Subsample of the Population to Evaluate the Questionnaire
Guideline 7.11: Use Eye Tracking to Learn How Respondents Are Visually Processing Questionnaires
Guideline 7.12: Conduct Testing in the Mode or Modes That Will Be Used to Complete the Questionnaire
Guideline 7.13: Document and Archive All Aspects of the Survey Design
Testing Questions and Questionnaires
Chapter 8 Telephone Questionnaires and Implementation
Types of Telephone-Only Surveys Today
Guidelines for Designing Telephone Questionnaires
Guideline 8.1: Break Complex Questions Into a Series of Simpler Questions
Guideline 8.2: Avoid Question Formats That Tax Respondents’ Memory
Guideline 8.3: Make Sure the Words the Interviewer Reads Clearly Convey What Is Being Asked
Guideline 8.4: Provide Clear and Simple to Recognize Cues to the Interviewer About What Material Must Be Read, What Is Optional, and What Should Not Be Read to the Respondent
Guideline 8.5: Locate Interviewer Instructions Where They Are Needed by Interviewers
Guideline 8.6: Include Conversational Cues and Short and Simple Transition Statements to Help Interviewers Administer the Questions
Guideline 8.7: Avoid the Use of Abbreviations and Special Characters and Include Pronunciations for Difficult Words, Names, or Places
Guideline 8.8: Include a “Don’t Know” or “Refused” Option for Every Question
Guideline 8.9: Provide Ways for Interviewers to Respond to and Record the Outcome of Every Possible Scenario That Can Be Anticipated
Guideline 8.10: Provide Standardized Scripts for Responses to Questions Respondents May Ask and to Address Any Special Procedures for the Study
Guideline 8.11: Display Each Individual Question on Its Own Screen to Reduce Clutter and Support Efficient Processing
Guideline 8.12: Include Additional Questions Needed for Screening and Weighting Surveys That Include Cell Phones
Guideline 8.13: Consider Offering Cell Phone Respondents Reimbursement for Their Minutes Used
Guidelines for Administering Telephone Questionnaires
Guideline 8.14: Provide a Short, Clear, and Persuasive Introduction to the Survey
Guideline 8.15: Read Questions Fully and Exactly, in Order, as They Appear in the Questionnaire
Guideline 8.16: Record Answers Exactly as Respondents Provide Them
Guideline 8.17: Focus on the Respondent and Practice Active Listening
Guideline 8.18: Use a Controlled Speaking Pace and Manage the Pitch and Tone of Your Voice
Guideline 8.19: Provide Encouragement and Targeted Feedback to Respondents
Guideline 8.20: Train Interviewers Before They Start Calling Sample Members and Provide Regular Follow-Up Trainings
Guidelines for Establishing Calling Rules and Procedures
Guideline 8.21: Make Multiple Attempts to Reach Someone at Each Sampled Telephone Number
Guideline 8.22: Vary the Days of the Week and Times of the Day That Call Attempts Are Made to Each Sample Member
Guideline 8.23: Decide How Telephone Numbers Will Be Dialed and Review Legal Rules About Calling
Guideline 8.24: Implement a System for Tracking Every Call Attempt and Assign Each Sample Member a Unique ID Number
Guideline 8.25: Decide Whether to Provide a Phone Number or Description That Displays on Caller ID
Guideline 8.26: Consider Leaving a Voice Mail Message, Especially When Calling Cell Phones
Guideline 8.27: Establish Procedures for Dealing With Inbound Calls
Guideline 8.28: Maintain an Internal Do Not Call List
Quality Control and Testing Guidelines for Telephone Surveys
Guideline 8.29: Obtain Expert Review and Conduct Cognitive Interviews, Experimental Evaluations, and Pilot Studies of Implementation Materials and Procedures
Guideline 8.30: Test the Programming of the Autodialer, CATI Software, and the Database as Well as Interviewer Workstations
Guideline 8.31: Implement a System for Monitoring Progress and Evaluating Early Calling
Guideline 8.32: Collect Paradata That Provides Feedback About the Questionnaire and Implementation Process Whenever Possible
Guideline 8.33: Monitor Interviewer Performance to Ensure Quality, Identify Areas for Retraining, and Develop Metrics for Tracking Interviewer Performance
Guideline 8.34: Validate That Interviews Were Conducted Accurately
Guidelines for Designing Telephone Questionnaires
Guidelines for Administering Telephone Questionnaires
Guidelines for Establishing Calling Rules and Procedures
Quality Control and Testing Guidelines for Telephone Surveys
Chapter 9 Web Questionnaires and Implementation
Guidelines for Designing Web and Mobile Questionnaires
Guideline 9.1: Decide How the Survey Will Be Programmed and Hosted
Guideline 9.2: Evaluate the Technological Capabilities of the Survey Population
Guideline 9.3: Take Steps to Ensure That Questions Display Similarly Across Different Devices, Platforms, Browsers, and User Settings
Guideline 9.4: Offer a Questionnaire Optimized for Mobile (Browser or App Based)
Guideline 9.5: Decide How Many Questions Will Be Presented on Each Web Page and How Questions Will Be Arranged
Guideline 9.6: Create Interesting and Informative Welcome and Closing Screens That Will Have Wide Appeal to Respondents
Guideline 9.7: Develop a Screen Format That Emphasizes the Respondent Rather Than the Sponsor
Guideline 9.8: Use a Consistent Page Layout Across Screens and Visually Emphasize Information That Is Essential to Completing the Survey While Deemphasizing Inessential Information
Guideline 9.9: Allow Respondents to Back Up in the Survey
Guideline 9.10: Do Not Require Responses to Questions Unless Absolutely Necessary for the Survey
Guideline 9.11: Design Survey-Specific and Item-Specific Error Messages to Help Respondents Troubleshoot Any Issues They May Encounter
Guideline 9.12: Evaluate Carefully the Use of Interactive Features, Balancing Improvements in Measurement With the Impact on Respondent Burden
Guideline 9.13: Do Not Include a Graphical Progress Indicator
Guideline 9.14: Use Audiovisual Capabilities of the Web Sparingly, and Evaluate the Differential Effect They May Have on Respondents
Guideline 9.15: Allow Respondents to Stop the Survey and Finish Completing It at a Later Time
Guideline 9.16: Whenever Possible, Collect Paradata That Provide Feedback on How the Respondent Interacts With the Questionnaire
Guidelines for Web and Mobile Survey Implementation
Guideline 9.17: To the Extent Possible, Personalize All Contacts to Respondents
Guideline 9.18: Consider Sending an Incentive Electronically With the Survey Request
Guideline 9.19: Use Multiple Contacts and Vary the Message Across Them
Guideline 9.20: Carefully and Strategically Time All Contacts With the Population in Mind
Guideline 9.21: Keep E-Mail Contacts Short and to the Point
Guideline 9.22: Carefully Select the Sender Name and Address and the Subject Line Text for E-Mail Communications
Guideline 9.23: Take Steps to Ensure That E-Mails Are Not Flagged as Spam
Guideline 9.24: Assign Each Sample Member a Unique ID Number
Guideline 9.25: Work Within the Capabilities and Limits of the Web Server(s)
Quality Control and Testing Guidelines for Web and Mobile Surveys
Guideline 9.26: Obtain Expert Review and Conduct Cognitive Interviews, Experimental Evaluations, and Pilot Studies of Web Implementation Materials and Procedures
Guideline 9.27: Test the Survey Using a Variety of Devices, Platforms, Connection Speeds, Browsers, and User-Controlled Settings, and Test the Database to Ensure That Items Are Collected and Coded Correctly
Guideline 9.28: Establish a Procedure for Dealing With Bounced E-Mails
Guideline 9.29: Establish Procedures for Tracking Incentives
Guideline 9.30: Establish Procedures for Dealing With Respondent Inquiries
Guideline 9.31: Implement a System for Monitoring Progress and Evaluating Early Completes
Guideline 9.32: Develop Procedures to Ensure Data Security
Guidelines for Designing Web and Mobile Questionnaires
Guidelines for Web and Mobile Survey Implementation
Quality Control and Testing Guidelines for Web and Mobile Surveys
Chapter 10 Mail Questionnaires and Implementation
Guidelines for Designing Paper Questionnaires
Guideline 10.1: Determine Whether Keypunching or Optical Imaging and Scanning Will Be Used, and Assess the Limitations That May Impose on Designing and Processing Questionnaires
Guideline 10.2: Construct Paper Questionnaires in Booklet Formats, and Choose Physical Dimensions Based Upon Printing and Mailing Considerations
Guideline 10.3: Decide Question Layout and How Questions Will Be Arranged on Each Page
Guideline 10.4: Use Symbols, Contrast, Size, Proximity, and Pagination Effectively When Designing Branching Instructions to Help Respondents Correctly Execute Them
Guideline 10.5: Create Interesting and Informative Front and Back Cover Pages That Will Have Wide Appeal to Respondents
Guidelines for Implementing Mail Questionnaires
Guideline 10.6: To the Extent Possible, Personalize All Contacts to Respondents (Even When Names Are Unavailable)
Guideline 10.7: Send a Token of Appreciation With the Survey Request
Guideline 10.8: Send a Postage Paid Return Envelope With the Questionnaire
Guideline 10.9: Use Multiple Contacts, Each With a Different Look and Appeal
Guideline 10.10: Carefully and Strategically Time All Contacts
Guideline 10.11: Select All Mail-Out Dates With the Characteristics of the Population in Mind
Guideline 10.12: Place Information in the Mailing Exactly Where It Needs to Be Used
Guideline 10.13: Take Steps to Ensure That Mailings Will Not Be Mistaken for Junk Mail or Marketing Materials
Guideline 10.14: Evaluate the Impact of Size and Weight of Mailing Materials on Mailing Costs
Guideline 10.15: Assemble the Mailings in a Way That Maximizes the Appealing Aspects of Each Element When the Package Is Opened
Guideline 10.16: Ensure That All Addresses in the Sample Comply With Current Postal Regulations
Guideline 10.17: Assign an Individual ID Number to Each Sample Member
Quality Control and Testing Guidelines for Mail Surveys
Guideline 10.18: Obtain Expert Review and Conduct Cognitive Interviews, Experimental Evaluations, and Pilot Studies of Implementation Materials and Procedures
Guideline 10.19: Test All Systems for Producing and Mailing Contacts and Questionnaires and Closely Examine Production Quality Proofs of All Materials
Guideline 10.20: Establish Procedures for Dealing With Undeliverable Mail
Guideline 10.21: Establish Procedures for Dealing With Returned Incentives
Guideline 10.22: Establish Procedures for Dealing With Respondent Inquiries
Guideline 10.23: Evaluate Early Returns for Problems That Can Be Addressed Midstride
Guidelines for Designing Paper Questionnaires
Guidelines for Implementing Mail Questionnaires
Quality Control and Testing Guidelines for Mail Surveys
Chapter 11 Mixed-Mode Questionnaires and Survey Implementation
When Single-Mode Surveys Are Not Acceptable
Why Consider a Mixed-Mode Survey Design
Improve Response Rates and Reduce Nonresponse Error
Guidelines for Designing Questionnaires That Will Minimize Measurement Differences Across Survey Modes
Guideline 11.1: Use the Same Question Format and Wording Across Modes
Guideline 11.2: Use Similar Visual Formats Across Modes
Guideline 11.3: Use Similar Wording and Visual Formats Across Web and Telephone Surveys
Guideline 11.4: When Mixing Mail and Web, Leverage Web Technologies When They Will Help Respondents Navigate the Questionnaire or Reduce Errors, But Not When They Will Likely Result in Measurement Differences
Guideline 11.5: When Mixing Web or Paper With Telephone, Give Priority in Both Modes to the Short and Simple Stimuli Needed for Telephone
Guideline 11.6: When Mixing Web or Mail With Telephone, Build in Conversational Cues and Transition Statements to Unify the Design Across Modes
Guideline 11.7: If There Is Even a Small Chance of Mixing Modes in the Project, Design the Questionnaire for the Possibility of Mixed-Mode Data Collection
Guideline 11.8: Recognize That Even With Unified Mode Design, Some Measurement Differences May Still Occur Across Modes
Expanding the Research Base for Designing Mixed-Mode Surveys
Guidelines for Using Multiple Contact Modes to Achieve More Effective Communication With Potential Respondents
Guideline 11.9: Obtain Contact Information for More Than One Survey Mode Whenever Possible
Guideline 11.10: Use Multiple Contact Modes to Increase the Likelihood of Contacts Being Received and Attended to by the Sample Members
Guideline 11.11: Use Contact by a Mode Different Than the Response Mode to Increase Trust That the Survey Is Legitimate and Useful
Guideline 11.12: Send a Token Cash Incentive With an Initial Postal Mail Contact to Increase Trust in the Survey
Guideline 11.13: Consider Including a Second Cash Incentive in a Later Contact to Improve Response Rates
Guidelines for Providing Alternative Response Modes
Guideline 11.14: Utilize Information on Respondent Mode Preferences When Practical, but Recognize That Improvements in Response Rates and Data Quality May Be Quite Modest
Guideline 11.15: Avoid Offering a Simultaneous Choice of Response Modes Unless Barriers to Responding in Both Modes Are Removed
Guideline 11.16: Offer a Mail Response Option After a Web Response Option in Sequential Mixed-Mode Designs to Increase Response Rates and Improve Data Quality
Guideline 11.17: When Possible Utilize a Sponsor That Has an Established Connection With Sample Members to Increase Response
Guideline 11.18: Reduce Survey Costs by Withholding More Expensive Response Modes Until Later in the Implementation Process
Guideline 11.19: When Using Multiple Contact and Response Modes, Choose Software and Management Tools That Facilitate an Integrated Design and Implementation Process
From Individual Guidelines to Practical Study Designs
Applying the Mixed-Mode Guidelines
Guidelines for Testing Mixed-Mode Surveys
Guideline 11.20: Review and Test the Questionnaires for Each Survey Mode Being Used
Guideline 11.21: Test All Implementation Procedures, Especially the Coordination Across Modes
Guideline 11.22: Plan an Initial Pilot Test, Especially If Testing a New Mixed-Mode Design
Guideline 11.23: Document and Disclose the Methodology Used and the Results Achieved
Guidelines for Designing Questionnaires That Will Minimize Measurement Differences Across Survey Modes
Guidelines for Using Multiple Contact Modes to Achieve More Effective Communication With Potential Respondents
Guidelines for Providing Alternative Response Modes
Guidelines for Testing Mixed-Mode Surveys
Chapter 12 Responding to Societal Change and Preparing for What Lies Ahead
Panels and Longitudinal Surveys
New Mobile Devices and Technology
Supplementing Questionnaires With Measurement Using Electronic Devices
Big Data and Administrative Records
Specialized Purpose Surveys
International and Cross-Cultural Surveys
The Challenge of Connecting With Empowered but Diverse Respondents
Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys
：The Tailored Design Method
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