Biology and the Mechanics of the Wave-Swept Environment :Biology and the Mechanics of the Wave-Swept Environment ( Princeton Legacy Library )

Publication subTitle :Biology and the Mechanics of the Wave-Swept Environment

Publication series :Princeton Legacy Library

Author: Denny Mark;;;  

Publisher: Princeton University Press‎

Publication year: 2014

E-ISBN: 9781400852888

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780691084862

Subject: Q1 General Biology;Q14 Biological Ecology (Ecology)

Keyword: 普通生物学

Language: ENG

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Description

This text introduces and draws together pertinent aspects of fluid dynamics, physical oceanography, solid mechanics, and organismal biology to provide a much-needed set of tools for quantitatively examining the biological effects of ocean waves. "Nowhere on earth does water move as violently as on wave-swept coasts," writes the author, "and every breaker that comes pounding on the shore places large hydrodynamic forces on the organisms resident there." Yet wave-swept coral reefs and rocky shores are home to some of the world's most diverse assemblages of plants and animals, and scientists have chosen these environments to carry out much of the recent experimental work in community structure and population dynamics. Until now these studies have been hampered because biologists often lack a working understanding of the mechanics of the wave-swept shore. Mark Denny here supplies that understanding in clear and vivid language.

Included are an introduction to wave-induced water motions and the standard theories for describing them, a broad introduction to the hydrodynamic forces these water movements place on plants and animals, and an explanation of how organisms respond to these forces. These tools are put to use in the final chapters in an examination of the mechanisms of "wave exposure" and an exploration of the mechanical determinants of size and shape in wave-swept environments.

Originally published in 1988.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the

Chapter

Preface

Acknowledgments

2. The Organisms

A Source of Energy

Mobility

Reproduction

Rigidity of the Structure

Size

3. An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics

Which Way Is Up?

Force

Mechanical Energy

The No-Slip Condition

Viscosity

Loss of Mechanical Energy

Conservation of Mass: The Principle of Continuity

Conservation of Energy: Bernoulli's Equation

Reynolds Numbers

4. An Introduction to Water Waves

Terminology

Wave Viewpoints

Laboratory Models

Breaking Waves: A First Look

Wave Refraction

Wave Diffraction

Wave Energy

Summary

5. Wave Theories

Linear Wave Theory

Other Wave Theories

Which Theory to Use

Sources of Information

Appendix 5.1. The Continuity Equation

Appendix 5.2. Irrotational Motion

6. The Random Sea

Wind-Generated Waves

Wave Propagation

Specifying the Random Sea

Measuring the Wave Spectrum

Summary

7. Breaking and Broken Waves

Wave Shoaling

Refraction

Wave Breaking

Postbreaking Flows

Radiation Stress

Nearshore Currents

Surf Beat

8. Tides

The Equilibrium Model of the Tides

The Dynamic Model

Predictive Methods: Harmonic Analysis

The Reliability of Tide Tables

9. Benthic Boundary Layers

Laminar Boundary Layers

Turbulent Boundary Layers

10. Turbulence and Mixing

Transport by Fluctuations

Larval Settlement

External Fertilization

Mixing and Chemical Cues

Turbulence and Suspension Feeding

Other Approaches to Turbulent Diffusion

11. Hydrodynamic Forces

Flow Forces

Force Coefficients and the Reynolds Number

Rules of Thumb

Impact Forces

Sources of Information

12. Properties of Biological Materials

Stress

Strain

Modulus

Failure

Strain Energy

Poisson's Ratio

Viscoelasticity

The Spectrum of Biological Materials

Consequences of Mechanical Properties

Appendix 12.1. True Strain and Poisson's Ratio

13. Static Beam Theory

Beam Theory

Applications of Static Beam Theory

Appendix 13.1. Calculating I for Complex Shapes

Appendix 13.2. An Exact Solution for the Optimal, Drag- Loaded Cantilever

14. Dynamic Beam Bending

Harmonic Motion

The Oscillating Cantilever

The Effective Mass of a Beam

Damped Oscillations

Forced Harmonic Motion

Impulsive Forces

15. Adhesion

Mechanical Adhesion

Close Physical Contact

Pressure Difference Adhesives

Stefan Adhesion

Solid Glues

16. Structural Wave Exposure

A Simplified Index

Accounting for Probability

Bottom Slope, Energy Dissipation, and Exposure

Effects of Height on the Shore

Functional Wave Exposure

Summary

17. Mechanical Determinants of Size and Shape

Size

Mechanical Determinants of Shape

18. Whither Hence?

Animal Behavior

Large-Scale Mixing

Material Properties

19. Techniques of Measurement

Field Measurements

Creating Water Flows

Techniques for Measuring Material Properties

Sources and Suppliers

Appendix: List of Symbols

Literature Cited

Index

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