Chapter
2. The Discovery of Helping Behavior and a Classification of Avian Communal Breeding Systems
The Pre Color Banding Era
The Advent of Color-Banding
Communal vs Colonial Social Systems
A Classification of Avian Communal Breeding Systems
The Number of Communally Breeding Species
Multiple Routes to Avian Communal Breeding
Nontraditional or Nominal Helping
Grades and Contexts of Helping
3 Climate, Geography, and Taxonomy
Geographic Distribution of Communal Breeding
Correlations with Climate
Avian Communal Breeding in Australia
Permanent Residency and the Surplus
4 Elements of Inclusive Fitness Theory for Field Studies
The Predominance of Individual Selection
The Difference Between Classical and Inclusive Fitness
The Relative Fitness of Strategies
5 Delayed Breeding Sets the Stage for Helping
Territorial Behavior Habitat Saturation
The Role of the Environment
Altruism and Parental Manipulation
Age of Role Shift from Nonbreeder to Breeder
6 Reduced Dispersal Sets the Stage for Helping
Population Consequences of Dispersal Strategies
Waiting for Alpha General Advantages of Staying Home
The Predispersal Period Prolonged Immaturity
7 Territorial Inheritance as Parental Facilitation
Delayed Dispersal in Group Territorial Birds
The Trend to Greater Parental Involvement
Colonial and Wife-Sharing Systems
A Model of Parental Facilitation
8 Mutualism, Cost-Sharing, and Group Size
Group Size May Depend upon Individual Energy Budgets
Optimal Unit Size for an Individual in a Cooperative Social Unit
Dominants and Subordinates May Differ in Optimal Unit Size
Vigilance and Risk Dilution
A Key Factor for Group Territoriality Is Associated with Reproduction
Why Are Some Species Group-Territorial and Others Not?
Susceptibility to Resource Depletion Has Been Overlooked
Practical Implications of the Model
Ecological Conflict Between Dominant and Subordinate
Group Size Decisions in a Game Theoretic Context
9 Mutualistic Mating Systems Polyandry and Uncertain Paternity
Mating Systems of Communal Birds
Polyandrous Communal Groups
Richness of Food Supply? Skua
Variance in Food Intake Hawks
Brotherly Love Among Native Hens
The Undefendability of Female Dunnocks
Female Miners Sell Sex for Paternal Care
10 Mutualistic Mating Systems Joint Nesting and Uncertain Maternity
Crossing the Polygynandry Threshold with the Acorn Woodpecker
Semipromiscuous Monogamy in Ostriches
Gang Warfare Among the Gallinules
Joint Nesting with Monogamy in Anis
Kin Selection in Nest-Sharing Systems
11 Does Helping Really Benefit the Helped?
Effects on Reproductive Success
A Strong Inference Experiment
Mechanisms of the Helper Effect
12 The Genetic Structure of Social Units
Relatedness in Singular Breeding Species Is It High Enough?
Relatedness in Nest Sharing Species How Low Can It Go?
Relatedness Under Plural Breeding with Monogamy
Is Kin Recognition Necessary for Kin Selection?
Kin Selection as Group Selection
13 Indirect Selection for Helping
Estimates of Indirect Fitness by Age
Feeding Preference and Effort a Test of Indirect Selection
14 Direct Fitness, Mutualism, and Reciprocity
A Helping Game Between Breeders
Direct Benefits of Nonbreeding and Nondispersal
Direct Benefits of Alloparental Care Learning
The Augmentation Hypothesis in the Scrub Jay
The Augmentation Hypothesis of Reciprocity in the Green Woodhoopoe
"Reciprocity" in Other Species
Social Bonding as Mutualism
Other Direct Advantages for Nonbreeding Helpers
15 Parent-Offspring Relationships
Vehrencamp's Suppression Models
Species Differences in Patterns of Fitness Variability
Variance Utilization and Variance Enhancement
16 Infanticide. Dominance, and Destructive Behavior
Infanticide by Anis and Woodpeckers
17 Diet and Group Territoriality
Why Are Nectar Feeders Not Cooperative?
Why Are Ommvores More Likely to Have Permissive Food-Cost Functions?
Why Is Helping More Common in the Tropics and Australia?,
Natural-History Correlates
Two Kinds of Social System and Two Kinds of Kin Selection
How Important Is Indirect Selection?
Alloparenting in Nuclear Family Systems
Reciprocal Alloparenting in Plural Breeding Systems
Kin Selection and the Scientific Method
Helping Communal Breeding in Birds
：Ecology and Evolution
( Princeton Legacy Library )
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