Environmental Noise Pollution ：Noise Mapping, Public Health, and Policy

Publication subTitle ：Noise Mapping, Public Health, and Policy

Author： Murphy   Enda;King   Eoin  

Publisher： Elsevier Science‎

Publication year： 2014

E-ISBN: 9780124116146

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780124115958

P-ISBN(Hardback):  9780124115958

Subject： R1 Preventive Medicine , Health;X Environmental Science, Safety Science;X5 Environmental Pollution and Prevention

Language： ENG

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Description

Environmental Noise Pollution: Noise Mapping, Public Health and Policy addresses the key debates surrounding environmental noise pollution with a particular focus on the European Union. Environmental noise pollution is an emerging public policy and environmental concern and is considered to be one of the most important environmental stressors affecting public health throughout the world.

This book examines environmental noise pollution, its health implications, the role of strategic noise mapping for problem assessment, major sources of environmental noise pollution, noise mitigation approaches, and related procedural and policy implications. Drawing on the authors' considerable research expertise in the area, the book is the first coherent work on this major environmental stressor, a new benchmark reference across disciplinary, policy and national boundaries.

  • Highlights recent developments in the policy arena with particular focus on developments in the EU within the context of the European Noise Directive
  • Explores the lessons emerging from nations within the EU and other jurisdictions attempting to legislate and mitigate against the harmful effects of noise pollution
  • Covers the core theoretical concepts and principles surrounding the mechanics of noise pollution as well as the evidence-base linking noise with public health concerns

Chapter

Front Cover

Environmental Noise Pollution: Noise Mapping, Public Health, and Policy

Copyright

Contents

Acknowledgements

Preface

Chapter 1: Environmental Noise Pollution

1.1. Debates and Challenges

1.2. Environmental Noise

1.3. The Book's Focus and raison d'être

References

Chapter 2: Principles of Environmental Noise

2.1. Sound as a Wave

2.1.1. Speed of Sound, Wavelength and Frequency

2.1.2. Frequency

2.1.3. Broadband vs. Tonal Noise Sources

2.2. Representing Sound Levels with the Decibel Scale

2.2.1. Sound Power, Sound Pressure and Sound Intensity

2.2.1.1. Reference Values

2.2.2. Typical Decibel Levels

2.2.3. Working with Decibels

2.3. A-Weighting

2.3.1. Other Weightings

2.4. Noise Metrics

2.4.1. Continuous Equivalent Noise Level: Leq

2.4.2. Statistical Indicators: L10, L90, etc.

2.4.3. Universal EU Noise Indicators Lden and Lnight

2.4.4. Other Common Metrics

Maximum and Minimum Levels, Lmax and Lmin

Peak, Lpeak

Sound Exposure Level

Effective Perceived Noise Level

Day/Night Average Sound Level (Ldn)

2.5. Measuring Noise

2.5.1. A Competent Person

2.5.2. Sound Level Meters and Calibration

2.5.3. Measurement Period

2.5.4. Microphone Position

2.5.5. Extraneous and Residual Noise

2.5.6. Measurements for Strategic Noise Maps

2.5.7. Observations on a Typical Noise Survey for Road Traffic Noise

2.6. Outdoor Sound Propagation

2.6.1. Geometric Divergence

2.6.2. Atmospheric Absorption

2.6.3. Ground Effect

2.6.4. Diffraction

2.6.5. Miscellaneous Other Effects

2.6.5.1. Temperature Inversion

2.6.5.2. Wind Effects

2.6.5.3. Foliage

2.7. Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Environmental Noise and Health

3.1. Introduction

3.2. The Noise-Health Problem

3.3. The Noise-Stress Relationship and Effects Overview

3.4. Environmental Noise and Annoyance

3.5. Environmental Noise and Sleep Disturbance

3.6. Environmental Noise and Cardiovascular Disease

3.6.1. Hypertension

3.6.2. Ischaemic Heart Disease

3.7. Environmental Noise and Cognitive Impairment in Children

3.8. Environmental Noise and Tinnitus

3.9. The Special Case of Low-Frequency Noise

3.10. Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Strategic Noise Mapping

4.1. Introduction

4.2. EU Noise Policy and Legislation

4.3. The Environmental Noise Directive

4.4. Strategic Noise Mapping

4.4.1. Data Collection/Input Data

4.4.2. Calculation Methods for Noise Mapping

4.4.3. Producing a Noise Map

4.4.4. Estimating Population Exposure

4.4.5. Noise Action Planning

4.4.6. Dissemination of Results to the General Public

4.5. Strategic Noise Mapping in the EU: Results from the First Phase (2007)

4.6. Strategic Noise Mapping Beyond the EU

4.7. Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Transportation Noise

5.1. Road Traffic Noise

5.1.1. Rolling Noise

5.1.2. Engine Noise

5.1.3. Road Traffic Noise Calculation Methods

NMPB96 (France)

Calculation Details

CRTN (United Kingdom)

Calculation Details

Converting LA10,18h to Lden and Lnight

Traffic Noise Model (United States)

Calculation Details

CNOSSOS-EU (The Proposed Common European Method)

Calculation Details

Other Considerations

5.2. Railway Noise

5.2.1. Rolling Noise

5.2.2. Engine Noise

5.2.3. Aerodynamic Noise

5.2.4. Other Sources

5.2.5. Railway Noise Calculation Methods

Reken-en Meetvoorschrift Railverkeerslawaai (The Netherlands)

Calculation Details

Calculation of Railway Noise (United Kingdom)

Calculation Details

CNOSSOS-EU (The Proposed Common European Method)

Calculation Details

Rolling Noise

Traction Noise

Impact Noise

Squeal

Aerodynamic Noise

Additional Effects

5.3. Aircraft Noise

5.3.1. Aircraft Noise Sources

5.3.2. Aircraft Noise Calculation Methods

ECAC-CEAC Doc 29 Version 3 (Europe)

Summary of Calculation Details

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

FAA - Integrated Noise Model (United States)

CNOSSOS-EU (The Proposed Common European Method)

5.4. Limitations and Further Considerations

5.4.1. Road Traffic Noise

5.4.2. Railway Noise

5.4.3. Aircraft Noise

5.5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Industrial and Construction Type Noise

6.1. A Note on Noise Criteria

6.2. Industrial Noise

6.2.1. Industrial Noise Annoyance

6.2.2. Developing Noise Maps of Industrial Sources

6.2.2.1. Industrial Noise Emission

6.2.2.2. Determining Sound Power by Measurement

6.2.2.3. Determining Sound Power by the Use of Default Parameters

6.2.2.4. Effect of Operating Conditions

6.2.2.5. Modelling Industrial Noise Emission for Noise Mapping

6.3. Port Noise

6.4. Airports as Industrial Sources

6.5. Wind Farm Noise

6.5.1. Wind Farm Noise Emission

6.5.2. Background Noise Assessment

6.5.3. Noise Limits for Wind Farms

6.6. Construction Noise

6.6.1. Sources of Construction Noise

6.6.2. Hours of Activity

6.7. Mining Mineral/Extraction Sites

6.8. Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Noise Mitigation Approaches

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Strategic Noise Mitigation: The Noise Action Planning Process

7.3. Mitigation Approaches

7.4. Source-Based Abatement

7.4.1. Legislation (Regulation)

7.4.2. Low-Noise Road/Rail Surfaces and Maintenance

7.4.3. Low-Noise Tyres

7.4.4. Driver Behaviour

7.4.5. Traffic Management

7.4.6. Traffic Engineering and Modal Shift

7.5. Propagation Measures

7.5.1. Land Use Planning

7.5.2. Building Design

7.5.3. Barriers

7.5.4. Building/Façade Insulation

7.6. Case Studies in Noise Abatement

7.6.1. Roads

7.6.2. Railways

7.6.3. Urban Soundscapes

7.7. Cost-Efficiency Issues

7.8. Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Conclusions and Future Directions

8.1. Progress

8.2. Limitations and Future Research Priorities

References

Index

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