Front Cover

Advances in Virus Research

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Chapter One: Plant-Based Vaccines: Novel and Low-Cost Possible Route for Mediterranean Innovative Vaccination Strategies

1. Introduction

2. Processing of CMV-, TMV-, and AlMV-Derived Chimeric Viruses

2.1. Virus and RNA sources

2.2. Computer-assisted analysis

2.3. In vitro construction of chimeric viruses and plant infection

2.4. Recombinant protein vaccine confirmation and immunogenicity

3. Conclusion

References

Chapter Two: The Role of Environmental, Virological and Vector Interactions in Dictating Biological Transmission of Arthro ...

1. Background

2. Vectorial Capacity

3. Oral Vector Infection

3.1. Viral determinants of infection

3.2. Receptor-mediated midgut infection

3.3. Vector genetics that modulate viral infection

3.4. Blood-feeding factors and vector infection

4. Midgut Escape and Dissemination

4.1. Intrahost viral populations

4.2. Viral population bottlenecks

4.3. Physiological and pathological changes imparted by arboviral infection

5. Environmental Variables

6. Mosquito-Specific Viruses

6.1. Superinfection exclusion

6.2. Vertical transmission of arboviruses in mosquitoes

7. Utilizing Mosquito Biology to Inhibit Arbovirus Infection

7.1. Mosquito innate immune response

7.2. Microbiota

8. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Three: Biology, Genome Organization, and Evolution of Parvoviruses in Marine Shrimp

1. Introduction

2. Clinical Signs, Histopathology, Transmission, and Detection

2.1. Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus

2.1.1. Clinical signs, host range, and prevalence of the disease

2.1.2. Histopathology and virus detection

2.2. Hepatopancreatic parvovirus

2.2.1. Clinical signs and host range

2.2.2. Histopathology and virus detection

2.3. Spawner-isolated mortality virus

2.4. Lymphoidal LPV

3. Biophysical Properties, Genome Organization, and Gene Expression

3.1. Virus morphology

3.2. Genome organization

3.2.1. IHHNV

3.2.2. HPV

3.3. Virus gene expression

3.3.1. In silico characterization of IHHNV coding regions and promoters

3.3.2. Functional characterization of IHHNV/PstDNV promoters

3.3.3. Expression of IHHNV/PstDNV transcripts in virus-infected shrimp

3.3.4. Transcription initiation

3.3.5. Transcription termination

3.3.6. Transcript abundance assay

3.3.7. Initiation of translation

3.3.8. Comparative gene expression of brevidensoviruses

3.4. Integration of IHHNV DNA in the host genome and implication in virus detection and disease resistance

4. Evolution of Shrimp Parvoviruses

4.1. Genetic diversity of IHHNV

4.2. Evolutionary mechanisms of IHHNV

4.2.1. Recombination

4.2.2. Positive selection

4.2.3. Rates of nucleotide substitution

4.2.4. IHHNV phylogeny

4.3. Genetic diversity and phylogeny of HPV

5. Management of Parvovirus Infection

5.1. Virus prevention

5.2. Therapeutic approach: Viral inhibition by RNAi

6. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Four: Circulative, ``Nonpropagative´´ Virus Transmission: An Orchestra of Virus-, Insect-, and Plant-Derived Instr ...

1. Introduction

2. Comparison and Contrast of Luteoviridae, Nanoviridae, and Geminiviridae

3. Ultrastructural and Virus Localization Studies of the Circulative Transmission Pathway

3.1. Luteovirids

3.2. Nanoviruses

3.3. Geminiviruses

4. Virus Regulation of Transmission

4.1. Function of virus proteins in transmission

4.1.1. Luteovirids

4.1.2. Geminiviruses

4.1.3. Nanoviruses

4.2. Virus protein structure-function relationships

4.3. Heteroencapsidation and phenotypic mixing

4.4. Infection-related manipulation of vector behavior (vector manipulation hypothesis)

5. Vector Regulation of Transmission

5.1. Vector competence

5.2. Vector genetics regulating transmission and transmission efficiency

5.3. Vector genes and proteins affecting and facilitating transmission

5.3.1. Luteovirids

5.3.2. Geminiviruses

5.4. Bacterial endosymbionts affecting and facilitating transmission

5.4.1. Luteovirids

5.4.2. Geminiviruses

5.5. Vector-host interactions that facilitate transmission

6. Host Proteins Regulating or Facilitating Virus Movement in Vectors

7. Options for Control and Management of Virus Transmission and Spread

8. Present and Future Challenges

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Five: Arboviruses Pathogenic for Domestic and Wild Animals

1. Introduction

2. Family Togaviridae

2.1. Eastern equine encephalitis virus

2.2. Western equine encephalitis virus

2.3. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

2.4. Highlands J virus

2.5. Buggy Creek virus

2.6. Sindbis virus

2.7. Middelburg virus

2.8. Semliki Forest virus

2.9. Getah virus

3. Family Flaviviridae

3.1. Yellow fever virus

3.2. Japanese encephalitis virus

3.3. Murray Valley encephalitis virus

3.4. West Nile virus

3.5. Usutu virus

3.6. Israel turkey meningoencephalitis virus

3.7. Tembusu virus

3.8. Wesselsbron virus

3.9. Louping ill virus

3.10. Tick-borne encephalitis virus

3.11. Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus

3.12. Kyasanur Forest disease virus

3.13. Tyuleniy virus

4. Family Bunyaviridae

4.1. Nairobi sheep disease virus

4.2. Soldado virus

4.3. La Crosse virus

4.4. Snowshoe hare virus

4.5. Cache Valley virus

4.6. Main Drain virus

4.7. Akabane virus

4.8. Aino virus

4.9. Schmallenberg virus

4.10. Shuni virus

4.11. Rift Valley fever virus

4.12. Bhanja virus

5. Family Reoviridae

5.1. African horse sickness virus

5.2. Kasba virus

5.3. Bluetongue virus

5.4. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus

5.5. Ibaraki virus

5.6. Equine encephalosis virus

5.7. Peruvian horse sickness virus

5.8. Yunnan virus

6. Family Rhabdoviridae

6.1. Bovine ephemeral fever virus

6.2. Kotonkan virus

6.3. Vesicular stomatitis-New Jersey virus

6.4. Vesicular stomatitis-Indiana virus

6.5. Vesicular stomatitis—Alagoas virus

6.6. Cocal virus

7. Family Orthomyxoviridae

7.1. Thogoto virus

8. Family Asfarviridae

8.1. African swine fever virus

9. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Index

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