Chapter
Part I: Cellulosic Biomass Processing & Biorefinery Road Map
Chapter 1: An Overview of Existing Individual Unit Operations
1.2. Biochemical Processes
1.2.1. Biomass Pretreatment Technologies and Their Challenges
1.2.2. Physical Pretreatment
1.2.3. Chemical and Physicochemical Pretreatment
1.2.4. Biological Pretreatment
1.3. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
1.3.1. Enzymatic Processes
1.3.2. Factors Affecting the Enzymatic Process
1.4. Ethanol Production by Fermentation
1.4.1. Process Requirements for Ethanol-Fermenting Organisms
1.4.2. Fermentation Operations and Processes
1.4.3. Fermentation Inhibitors
1.4.5. Methods for Breaking the Azeotrope
1.5. Butanol Production by Fermentation
1.5.1. Processes for n -Butanol Production
1.5.2. Fermentation Modes of Operation
1.5.3. Recovery and In Situ Separation
1.5.4. Detoxification of Inhibitory Compounds
1.5.5. Strain Improvement
1.6. Thermochemical Conversion
1.6.1. Initial Processes—Preparation Stages
1.6.2. Thermochemical Treatment—Gasification
1.6.3. Cleaning and Conditioning of Syngas
1.6.4. Product Manufacturing Stage—Catalytic Reaction and Syngas Fermentation
1.6.5. Syngas Fermentation
Chapter 2: Biomass for Biorefining: Resources, Allocation, Utilization, and Policies
2.1.2. Biomass Availability
2.1.3. Allocation of Supply
2.1.4. Overcoming Utilization Issues
2.1.5. Policies and Statutes
2.2.3. Production of Biomass
2.4.1. Pretreatment of Biomass
2.4.2. Genetic Modification of Biomass
2.4.3. Biomass Sites of Use
2.5.2. Land Use and GHG Requirements
2.5.3. Regulation of Genetic Engineering
Chapter 3: Biorefinery Roadmaps
3.1. Introduction: The Biorefinery Vision for Energy, Chemical, and Material Sustainability
3.2. Sustainability as a New Business Model
3.3. Achieving Integrated Processing
Chapter 4: Integration of (Hemi)-Cellulosic Biofuels Technologies with Chemical Pulp Production
4.1. Integrated Forest Biorefinery Concepts
4.1.1. Woody Biomass as a Multiproduct Feedstock
4.1.2. Opportunities for Integration
4.1.3. Recovery and Utilization of Non-Hemicellulose Fractions
4.2. Hemicelluloses Derived from Chemical Pulping Processes
4.2.2. Hemicelluloses from Thermomechanical Pulping and Chemomechanical Pulping
4.2.3. Hemicelluloses from Sulfite Pulping
4.2.4. Hemicelluloses from Dissolving Pulp Production
4.2.5. Hemicellulose Preextractions Prior to Pulping: Autohydrolysis
4.2.6. Hemicellulose Preextractions Prior to Pulping: Alkaline Extraction
4.3. Integration of Hemicellulose Recovery and Utilization
4.3.1. Processing Options for the Generation of Products from Recovered Polymeric Hemicellulose
4.3.2. Processing Options for the Generation of Products from Hemicellulose Monomers
Chapter 5: Integrated Processes for Product Recovery
5.2. Alternative Product Recovery Techniques
5.2.2. Liquid-liquid Extraction
5.2.3.1. Liquid membranes
5.2.3.2. Silicalite composite membranes
5.2.4. Vacuum Fermentation and Simultaneous Recovery
5.2.6. Use of Other Separation Techniques
5.3. Integrated Product Recovery Processes
5.3.3.1. Recovery by pervaporation
5.3.3.2. Recovery by phase salting out
5.3.3.3. Removal of butanediol by extraction
5.3.3.4. Recovery of 2,3-butanediol by solvent extraction and pervaporation
Part II: Cellulosic Ethanol
Chapter 6: Development of Growth-Arrested Bioprocesses with Corynebacterium glutamicum for Cellulosic Ethanol Production from C
6.2. What is a Growth-Arrested bioprocess?
6.2.1. Characteristics of Growth-Arrested Bioprocesses
6.2.2. Process Design Options for Growth-Arrested Bioprocesses
6.3. Research and Development for Cellulosic Ethanol Production by C. glutamicum
6.3.1. Metabolic Engineering for Highly Efficient Conversion of Sugar Mixtures
6.3.2. Tolerance to Fermentation Inhibitors Derived from Lignocellulosic Biomass
6.4. Other Applications of Growth-Arrested Bioprocess in Biorefineries
Chapter 7: Consolidated Bioprocessing for Ethanol Production
7.2. Biochemical Processes for Ethanol Production from Cellulosic Biomass
7.2.2. Cellulase Production
7.2.3. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
7.2.4. Microbial Fermentation
7.3. Development of Biomass Processing Configurations
7.4. Aspects of Consolidated Bioprocessing
7.4.1. Economic Benefits of CBP
7.4.1.1. The effects of microbe-enzyme synergy in CBP
7.4.1.2. The use of thermophiles in CBP
7.5. Approaches to Developing CBP-enabling Microorganisms
7.5.1. The Native Strategy for Developing CBP-enabling Microorganisms
7.5.2. The Recombinant Strategy for Developing CBP-enabling Microorganisms
Chapter 8: Integration of Ethanol Fermentation with Second Generation Biofuels Technologies
8.1. Integration of Fermentation into Cellulosic Biofuel Processes
8.2. Fermentation Approaches Employed in First-Generation Ethanol Processes
8.2.1. Processes for First-Generation Ethanol
8.2.2. Mode of Operation and Cell Recycle
8.3. Integration of Lignocellulose Hydrolyzate Fermentation
8.3.1. Hydrolyzate-Derived Inhibitors
8.3.2. Xylose Fermentation
8.3.3. High-Solids Integration and Fermentation Mode of Operation
8.3.4. Examples of Fermentation Integration in Cellulosic Biofuel Processes
8.4. Aerobic Yeast Cultivation for the Production of Cell Mass
8.4.1. Production of Yeast Cell Mass from Sugar and Starch Streams
8.4.2. Generation of Cell Mass from Hydrolyzates
8.5. Case Study: Aerobic Cultivation of S. cerevisiae TMB-3400-FT30-3 on Dilute Acid-Pretreated Softwood Hydrolyzate
8.5.1. Media Requirements for Aerobic Growth
Part III: Cellulosic Butanol
Chapter 9: Mixed Sugar Fermentation by Clostridia and Metabolic Engineering for Butanol Production
9.2. Mixed-Sugar Fermentation by Solventogenic Clostridia
9.3. Metabolic Engineering of Solventogenic Clostridia for Butanol Production
9.3.1. Simultaneous and Efficient Use of Pentose and Hexose Sugars
9.3.2. Production of Enhanced Levels of Butanol
9.3.3. Elimination of Acetone Production
Chapter 10: Integrated Bioprocessing and Simultaneous Product Recovery for Butanol Production
10.2. Recovery of Butanol by Adsorption
10.3. Recovery of Butanol by Extraction
10.3.2. Use of Whey Permeate
10.3.3. Extractive Production of Butanol from Lignocelluloses
10.4. Recovery of Butanol by Perstraction
10.4.2. Use of Potato Waste
10.4.3. Use of Whey Permeate or Lactose
10.4.4. Use of Lignocellulosic Biomass
10.4.4.1. Simultaneous saccharification, fermentation, and recovery
10.5. Separation of Butanol by Gas Stripping
10.5.1. Use of Whey Permeate
10.5.3. Use of Cellulosic Hydrolyzates and Cellulosic Biomass
10.6. Recovery of Butanol by Reverse Osmosis
10.7. Recovery of Butanol by Pervaporation
10.7.2. Use of Whey Permeate
10.8. Recovery of Butanol Using a Vacuum
10.9. Process Economics of Butanol Production
Chapter 11: Integrated Production of Butanol from Glycerol
11.1. Introduction: Glycerol Glut
11.1.1. Value-Added Conversion of Glycerol
11.2. Glycerol-to-Butanol Conversion
11.2.1. Improving Product Yield and Productivity
11.2.2. Butanol Toxicity and Extractive Fermentation
11.3. Integrated Biorefinery
Part IV: Process Economics & Farm-Based Biorefinery
Chapter 12: Process Economics of Renewable Biorefineries: Butanol and Ethanol Production in Integrated Bioprocesses from Lignoc
12.2. Program for Material and Energy Balance and Economic Analysis
12.3. Process Development and Economics of Butanol Production from Corn
12.4. Process Economics of Butanol Production from Glycerol
12.5. Economics of Butanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass
12.6. Economics of Ethanol Production from Corn and Lignocellulosic Biomass
Chapter 13: Integrated Farm-Based Biorefinery
13.2. The integrated farm-Based Biorefinery (IFBBR)
13.3. Biological Conversion Chemistry
13.4. Mass-and-Energy Balances
13.5. Advantages of the IFBBR System over Corn Stover Ethanol Production
Biorefineries
：Integrated Biochemical Processes for Liquid Biofuels
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