Front Cover

Fetal Physiological Measurements

Copyright Page

Table of Contents

Part 1: Fetal General

Chapter 1. A new look at fetal phonocardiography using a transducer of improved sensitivity and bandwidth

Introduction

TAPHO signal interpretation

Construction of a TAPHO transducer

Some observations of the fetus using TAPHO signals

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2. The spectrum of the fetal phonocardiogram as an indicator of fetal maturity

Introduction

Physical basis of the PCG

Spectral changes of the PCG with fetal maturity

Conclusions

Chapter 3. A fibreoptic pressure transducer for intrauterine monitoring

Introduction

Methods

Results and discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 4. Objective recording of fetal movements in early pregnancy

Introduction

Method

Evaluation of the method for the recording of fetal movements in patients

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 5. Echocardiographic assessment of haemodynamics in small-for-gestational age fetuses

Introduction

Materials

Methods

Results

Comment

References

Chapter 6. Antenatal measurement of beat-to-beat fetal heart rate variation: accuracy of the Hewlett-Packard ultrasound autocorrelation technique

Introduction

Patients, equipment and methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 7. Low antepartum fetal heart rate variability predicts late decelerations in labour of low risk pregnancies

Introduction

Subjects and methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 8. The volumetric growth of the human placenta:a preliminary report of a computer-supported ultrasonographic study

Introduction

Material and method

Results

Comment

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 9. Hypoxanthine, lactate, pH; indices of fetal hypoxia?

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 10. Apgar score and cord pH in relation to length of second stage

Introduction

Material and methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 11. In vivo observations on intravascular blood pressure in the fetus during mid-pregnancy

Introduction

Patient details

System validation

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 12. Interpretation of amniotic fluid measurements by means of some multivariate methods

Introduction

Materials

Methods

Multivariate statistical approach

Discussion and conclusions

References

Chapter 13. Fetal head compression during the second stage of labour: a new measuring method

Introduction

Materials and methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Part 2: Fetal Monitoring

Chapter 14. Measurement of heart rate variation in the human fetus

Introduction

Detection of heart rate

Recent technical developments

Recent findings

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 15. The correlation of maternal and fetal heart rates - an important aspect of CTG interpretation

Introduction

Interaction between maternal and fetal heart rate

Conclusions

Chapter 16. Heart rate variation and movement incidence in growth-retarded fetuses with decelerative heart rate patterns: correlations with fetal acidbase status

Introduction

Patients and methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 17. Cycles of fetal heart rate variability in spontaneous and induced labour

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 18. The effect of noise on the accuracy of the determination of fetal heart rate variability

Introduction

Materials and methods

Results

Discussion and conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 19. The fetal phonocardiogram

Introduction

The three-part study

Conclusion

Reference

Chapter 20. Observations on the evolution of human fetal acidosis

Introduction

Patients and methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 21. Reservations about the methods of assessing at birth the predictive value of intrapartum fetal monitoring including premature interruption of the feto-placental circulation

Introduction

Limitations of the Apgar score

Clamping the cord

Proposed optimum delivery and resuscitation techniques for preterm infants and Caesarean section

Conclusions

References

Part 3: Blood Gas

Chapter 22. Skin surface gas partial pressures and transcutaneous blood gas analysis

Introduction

Oxygen balance equations - the importance of blood flow

Venous and skin surface 02 values

Circulatory hyperbola for C02

The capillary loop model

Peripheral vascular resistance

Factors affecting tcP02-Pa02 relationship

Linear relation between tcPC02 and PaC02

The value of tcP02 and tcPC02 in shock

Conclusion

References

Chapter 23. Blood gas analysis in the unstressed human fetus at 17-22 weeks' gestation

Introduction

Patients and Methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 24. Continuous simultaneous tissue-pH and transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring during labour

Introduction

Materials and methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 25. Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring of the fetusduring labour

Introduction

Methods and materials

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Chapter 26. Experimental head compression and transcutaneous oxygen tension in the fetal lamb

Introduction

Materials and methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 27. A technique for continuous measurements of materno-fetal gas transfer using mass spectrometry suitable for non-invasive intrapartum placental function testing in man

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Part 4: Ultrasound and Fetal Cardiography

Chapter 28. Measurement of human umbilical venous blood flow in utero

Introduction

Theoretical basis of Doppler flow measurement

Instrumentation

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 29. Ultrasonic measurements of the blood velocity and pulsatile diameter changes in the fetal descending aorta

Introduction

Methods and material

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 30. Non-invasive investigations of fetal and maternal haemodynamics

Introduction

Background

Method

Calculation of volume flow

Waveform shape analysis

Results

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 31. An improved echo-tracker for studies on pulse waves in the fetal aorta

Introduction

Technical description

Clinical performance

Discussion

References

Chapter 32. Clinical value of prenatal cardiac investigation in high risk pregnancies

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusion

References

Chapter 33. Pulsed Doppler evaluation of the fetal and neonatal circulation

Introduction

Methods

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 34. On-Line monitoring of fetal blood flow velocities using pulsed Doppler ultrasound

Introduction

Principle of operation

Technical design

Clinical examples

References

Chapter 35. Fetal heart rate variability calculated by an external technique during pregnancy

Comment in response to Professor G S Dawes' Keynote Lecture

Part 5: Signal Processing

Chapter 36. Detection of components of autonomie cardiac control by time series analysis of heart rate in lambs: technical report

Introduction

Signal acquisition

Signal analysis

Results

Interpretation and discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 37. Computation and evaluation of heart-rate and stroke volume oscillations in fetal lambs

Methods and Materials

Extraction of oscillations in FHR

OSC treated as a stationary stochastic process

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 38. A digital system for rapid transmission and distant computer-processing of antepartum fetal heart rate recordings

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 39. The use of a purpose-built microcomputer for the automatic diagnosis of fetal distress

Introduction

Patients and methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Part 6: Developing Countries

Chapter 40. Perinatal technology transfer and impact of neonatal intensive care on neonatal mortality in a developing country - Saudi Arabia

Introduction

Newborn medicine in ARAMCO Medical Organization

Phases of newborn care

Problems faced in the development of neonatal intensive care

Methods

Result

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References and further reading

Chapter 41. A suggested regional newborn screening programme for the Arabian Gulf States, and ARAMCO newborn screening programme experience in Saudi Arabia

Introduction

Problems and obstacles

ARAMCO perinatal screening programme

A regional NBSP for the Arabian Gulf States

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 42. Perinatal technology in a developed country -Japan

Introduction

Background

Impressions

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 43. Predictive value of cervimetric progress indicated by the inductopartogram

Introduction

Materials and methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Chapter 44. Organization of neonatal intensive care and perinatal mortality in Libya

Introduction

Methods

Results and discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Part 7: Appendix

Chapter 45. Positron emission tomography in the newborn:regional CBF in the preterm infant with intraventricular haemorrhage and haemorrhagic intracerebral involvement and in the asphyxiated term infant

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Contributors

Index