Front Cover

Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields: Sources and Mechanisms

Copyright Page

Table of Contents

Preface

I EXPOSURE TO AND MECHANISMS OFACTION OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETICFIELDS

Chapter 1. Sources and Characteristics of Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Environment

I. Introduction

II. Electric Fields, Magnetic Fields, and Electromagnetic Fields

III. Natural Fields

IV. ELF Power Line Fields

V. ELF Household and Occupational Fields

VI. Exposures Other Than ELF

VII. Existing Standards for ELF Electric and Magnetic Fields

VIII. Summary

References

Chapter 2. Radiofrequency Radiation in the Environment: Sources, Exposure Standards, and Related Issues

I. Basic Concepts

II. Biological Considerations and Safety Standards

III. Sources of Public and Occupational Exposure

IV. Summary

References

Chapter 3. The Thermal Noise Limit for Threshold Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields in Biological Systems

I. Introduction

II. Relevant Attributes of Electric and Magnetic Fields

III. Electric Fields Expected to Be Fundamentally Involved

IV. Resonance-like Effects

V. Thermal Fluctuations Cause Johnson Noise

VI. Other Types of Fundamental Noise and Confounders

VII. Basic Hypothesis

VIII. Detention Physics

IX. Thresholds for Electric Fields Acting on the Cell Membrane

X. Thresholds Associated with Magnetic Fields

XI. Summary

References

Chapter 4. The Influence of Electric Fields on Biological and Model Membranes

I. Introduction

II. Effects of Nondestructive Electric Fields

III. Effects of Destructive Electric Fields

IV. Summary and Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 5. Electric Activation of Membrane Enzymes: Cellular Transduction of High- and Low-Level Periodic Signals

I. Introduction

II. Electric Activation and Stimulation of Membrane ATPases

III. Electroconformation Coupling

IV. Resonance Transduction of Low-Level Electric Signal

V. Perspective

References

Chapter 6. Direct Current Magnetic Fields: Mechanisms of Action

I. Introduction

II. Geomagnetic Fields

III. High-Intensity Fields

IV. Diamagnetism and Diamagnetic Anisotropy

V. Phase Transition in Biomembranes

VI. Proposed Mechanism

VII. Conclusions

References

Chapter 7. Physiological Effects of Magnetic Fields May Be Mediated through Actions on the State of Calcium Ionsin Solution

I. Introduction

II. The Effect of Magnetic Fields on Solution Conductivity

III. Effects of Perfusion of Physiologic Saline Solution Exposed toMagnetic Field Irradiation on 45Ca Uptake by SnailGanglia

IV. Effects of Incubation of Snail Ganglia in Physiological Solutions Exposed to Magnetic Fields on Levels of Intracellular CyclicNucleotides

V. Effects of Exposure of Snail Neurons to Physiologic Solutions Subjected to Static Magnetic Fields on Lipid Composition

VI. Membrane Chemosensitivity Is Altered by Perfusion to Solutions Exposed to Magnetic Fields

VII. Discussion

References

II BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

Chapter 8. Nonionizing Radiation and Neuroscience

References

Chapter 9. Effects of Magnetic and Electric Fields in Invertebrates and Lower Vertebrates

I. Introduction

II. Magnetic and Electric Fields and Invertebrates

III. Magnetic and Electric Fields and Lower Vertebrates

IV. Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Detection of and Receptors for Magnetic Fields in Birds

I. Introduction

II. Sensitivities

III. Potential Mechanism

IV. Conclusions

References

Chapter 11. The Pineal Gland and Melatonin Synthesis: Their Responses to Manipulations of Static Magnetic Fields

I. Introduction

II. The Circadian Melatonin Rhythm

III. Effects of the Electromagnetic Spectrum on the PinealGland

IV. Final Comment

References

Chapter 12. Neuroendocrine Responses to Electric and Magnetic Fields

I. Introduction

II. Pineal Function in the Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems

III. Pineal Gland Response to Electric and Magnetic Fields

IV. EMF Effects on Neurotransmitter in the Central Nervous System

V. Pineal Gland Function and Cancer Risk: The Melatonin Hypothesis

VI. Epidemiologic Data and the Melatonin Hypothesis

VII. Epidemiologic Findings Related to EMF and Cancer

VIII. Reproductive Outcome and Electric Blanket Use

IX. Pineal Gland Function and Affective Disorders

X. Summary

References

Chapter 13. Behavioral Effects of Electromagnetic Fields in Animals

I. Why Study Behavioral Effects of Electromagnetic Fields?

II. General Activity

III. Detection of Fields

IV. Aversion and Preference

V. Operant Behavior

VI. Summary

References

Chapter 14. Phasic Behavioral and Endocrine Effects of Microwaves of Nonthermal Intensity

I. Introduction

II. Materials and Methods

III. Results

IV. Discussion

V. Conclusions

References

Index