Chapter
1.2.2.2 Exceptional Thermal Properties
1.2.2.3 Exceptional Magnetic Properties
1.2.2.4 Exceptional Mechanical Properties
1.2.2.5 Exceptional Electrical Properties
1.2.3 Natural Nano-Effect
1.3 Physical Principles of the Nano-Effect
1.3.1 Discontinuity of Electron Levels
1.3.2.1 Hypothesis Regarding Degenerate Fermi Liquid
1.3.2.2 Electrically Neutral Assumption of Ultrafine Particles
1.3.3 Quantum Size Effect
1.3.6 Dielectric Confinement Effect
2 Characterization and Analysis of Nanomaterials
2.1 Detection and Analysis of Particle Size
2.2 Detection and Analysis of the Electrical Properties
2.3 Detection and Analysis of Magnetic Properties
2.4 Detection and Analysis of the Mechanical Properties
2.5 Detection and Analysis of Thermal Properties
2.6 Detection and Analysis of Optical Properties
2.7 Scanning Probe Microscopy
2.7.1 Working Principles of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
2.7.2 Operating Mode of STM
2.7.3 STM Application: Atomic Manipulation
2.8 Atomic Force Microscopy
2.8.1 Working Principle of AFM
2.8.2 Comparison of the AFM Scanning Modes
2.8.3 Application Examples of AFM
3.1 Allotropes of Carbon and Structure
3.1.1 Allotropes of Carbon
3.1.2 Structures of Carbon Allotropes
3.1.3.1 Single-Layer Graphite Material (Graphene)
3.2 Types and Nature of CNTs
3.2.2 Characteristics of CNTs
3.2.2.1 Mechanical Properties
3.2.2.2 Electrical Characteristics
3.2.2.3 Thermal Properties
3.2.2.4 Superconducting Phenomenon of CNTs
3.2.2.5 Chemical Properties
3.2.3 Electronic Structure of CNTs
3.2.3.1 π-Electron Orbital and the Energy of the Conjugated Molecule in Planar Structure
3.2.3.2 Electronic Structure of Graphite
3.4.1.1 The Limits of Microelectronics Technology and the Emergence of Nanoelectronics
3.4.1.2 Single-Electron Transistor
Conductivity of a Single MWNT
3.4.1.3.2 CNT-Based Junction
3.4.1.3.5 Complementary Nongate (Inverter) Circuit with CNTs
3.4.2 Other Applications of CNTs
3.4.2.4 CNTs: Field Emission Cathode Materials
3.4.2.5 Application of CNTs in Hydrogen Storage
3.4.2.6 High-Energy Microbattery
3.4.2.7 High-Energy Capacitor
3.4.2.8 Chip Thermal/Heat Protection
3.4.2.10 Nanocomposite Materials
4 Semiconductor Quantum Dots
4.1 The Physical Basis of Semiconductor QDs
4.1.1 Quantum Confinement Effect
4.1.2 Excitons and Luminescence
4.1.2.1 The Concept of Excitons
4.1.2.2 Energy Band Structure of Excitons
4.1.3 Calculations of the Exciton Binding Energy
4.2 Preparation of Semiconductor QDs
4.3 Laser Devices Based on QDs
5.1 Types of Nanomagnetic Materials
5.1.1 Artificial and Natural Nanomagnetic Materials
5.1.2 Classification of Magnetic Nanomaterials
5.2 Basic Characteristics of Nanomagnetic Materials
5.2.2 Superparamagnetic Feature
5.2.3 Exchange Interaction
5.3 Some Specific Nanomagnetic Materials
5.3.2 Magnetic Microspheres
5.3.3 One-Dimensional Nanowires
5.3.4 Two-Dimensional Films
5.3.5 Magnetic Nanocomposite Materials
5.3.6 Double-Phase Nanocomposite Hard Magnets
5.3.7 High-Frequency Microwave Nanomagnetic Materials
5.4 Preparation of Nanomagnetic Materials
5.4.2.1 Mechanical Crushing Method
5.4.2.5 Preparation of Magnetic Nanoparticles in the Magnetic Fluid
5.4.2.6 Two-Dimensional Nanowire Array: Template Method
5.5.1 GMR Effect and Applications
5.5.2 Classification and Comparison of Magnetic Resistance
5.5.3 Physical Mechanism of GMR
5.5.3.1 Magnetic Exchange Coupling
5.5.3.2 GMR Effects of Metal Superlattice
5.5.4.1 Introduction of Biosensors
6 Nanotitanium Oxide as a Photocatalytic Material and its Application
6.1 Principle of TiO2 Photocatalysis
6.1.1 Development of Photocatalytic Technology
6.1.2 Principles of Semiconductor (TiO2) Photocatalysis
6.2 Preparation of TiO2 Materials
6.3 Application of TiO2 as Photocatalytic Material
7 Electro-Optical and Piezoelectric Applications of Zinc Oxide
7.1 Optoelectronic Applications
7.1.1 Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide
7.1.2 Epitaxial Growth of ZnO
7.1.2.1 MBE Technique with Microwave
7.1.2.2 L-MBE Growth Technique
7.1.3 Optical Properties of ZnO Quantum Dots
7.1.4 Controlled Synthesis of the Ordered ZnO Nanowire Arrays
7.1.4.3 The Hydrothermal Method
7.2 Piezoelectric Applications of Zinc Oxide
7.2.1 Piezoelectric Effect
7.2.2 Piezoelectric Application of Zinc Oxide: Nanogenerators
7.2.2.1 Why Do We Need Nanogenerators?
7.2.2.2 Principle of Piezoelectric Nanogenerators
8 Superconducting Nanomaterials
8.2 The Physical Principles of Superconductivity
8.3 The Classification of Superconductors
8.3.1 Low-Temperature Superconductors
8.3.2 High-Temperature Superconductors
8.3.3 Other Novel Superconductors
8.4.2 The Main Difficulties
8.4.2.1 Incredible Magnetic Nanoclusters
8.4.2.2 Quantum Fluctuations and Strong Correlation in Nanowires
8.4.2.5 Nanosuperconductors and Hybrid Structures
8.4.2.6 Links Between Superconductors and Nanostructure
8.5 Application of Nanosuperconductors
8.5.2 Nanosuperconductor Quantum Bits
9 Nanobiological Materials
9.1 Nanobiological Materials
9.1.2 Drug and Gene Carrier Nanomaterials
9.1.2.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
9.1.2.3 Nanocapsules and Nanospheres
9.1.3 Bioceramic Nanomaterials
9.1.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
9.1.5 Biocomposite Nanomaterials
9.2 Nanobiomedical Materials
9.2.1 Nanobioinorganic Materials
9.2.2 Nanoorganic Biological Material
9.2.2.1 Nanopolymeric Biological Materials
9.2.2.2 Nanobiocomposite Materials
9.2.3 Nanotechnology in Drugs
9.2.5 Future Development of Nanobiomedical Materials
9.2.5.2 Targeted Nanomedicine
9.2.5.3 Capabilities and Intelligence of Invasive Diagnosis
9.2.5.4 Drug Delivery Systems
9.2.5.5 Medical Composite Materials
9.3 Magnetic Particles in Medical Applications
9.4 Nanoparticles in Bioanalysis
9.5 QDs in Biological and Medical Analysis
9.5.1 QDs in Biological and Medical Analysis
9.5.2 QDs for In Vivo Studies
9.6 Research Progress of Nanomagnetic Materials in Hyperthermia
9.6.1 Background of Hyperthermia
9.6.2 Magnetic Hyperthermia
9.6.3 Magnetic Materials for Hyperthermia
9.6.4 Thermogenesis Mechanism of Magnetic Materials for Magnetic Hyperthermia
10.1 Nanostorage Materials
10.1.1 Features and Objectives of Hydrogen Energy
10.1.2 Comparison of Different Hydrogen Storage Methods
10.1.3 Technology Status of Hydrogen Storage Materials
10.2.2 Comparison of the Main Fuel Cells
10.2.3 Proton-Exchange Membrane
10.3 Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells
10.3.1 Status of Solar Cells
10.3.2 Types of Solar Cell
10.3.2.1 Inorganic Solar Cells
10.3.2.1.1 Silicon Wafer Solar Cells
10.3.2.1.2 Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
10.3.2.1.3 Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide Solar Cells
10.3.2.1.4 Cadmium Telluride Thin-Film Solar Cells
10.3.2.1.5 Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells
10.3.2.2 Organic Solar Cells
10.3.3 Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells
10.3.3.1 The History of Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells
10.3.3.3 Working Principle
10.3.3.4 Parameters for Performance Evaluation
10.3.3.5 Research Progress
10.3.3.5.2 Nanosemiconductor materials
10.3.3.7 Flexible DSSC Cells
11.2 Surface Modification of Nanomaterials and Their Applications
11.2.1 Nanosurface Engineering
11.2.2 Mechanism of Surface Modification of Nanoparticles
11.2.2.1 Coating Modification
11.2.2.2 Coupling Modification
11.2.3 Surface Modifiers of Nanoparticles
11.2.3.1 Inorganic Compounds for the Surface Modification of Nanoparticles
11.2.3.2 Surface Modification with Nanoparticles
11.2.3.3 Surface Modification with Organic Compounds
11.2.3.4 Surface Modification with Polymers
11.2.4 Implementation of Nanoparticle Modification
11.2.5 Application of Modified Nanoparticles
11.2.5.1 Application in Plastics
11.2.5.2 Application in Composite Fire-Retardant Materials
11.2.5.3 Application in Composite Catalysts
11.2.5.4 Application in the Field of Lubrication
11.2.5.5 Applications in Composite Coating
11.2.5.6 Application in Rubber
11.3 Core–Shell Structure Composite Nanomaterials
11.3.1 Characteristics of Core–Shell Composite Structures
11.3.2.1 Polymerization Chemical Reaction
11.3.2.2 Biological Macromolecular Method
11.3.2.3 Surface Deposition and Surface Chemical Reaction Method
11.3.2.4 Controlled Deposition of Inorganic Colloidal Particles on the Core Particle Surface
11.3.2.5 Ultrasonic Chemical Method
11.3.3 Mechanism of Formation of Core–Shell Structures
11.3.3.1 Mechanism of Chemical Bonding
11.3.3.2 Mechanism of Coulomb Electrostatic Force
11.3.3.3 Mechanism of Adsorption Layer Media
11.3.4 Changes in Material Properties
11.3.4.1 Changes in Optical Properties
11.3.4.2 Increase in the Stability of Particles
11.3.4.3 Catalyst Stability and Changes in Catalytic Activity
11.3.4.4 Changes in Magnetic
11.3.5 Applications of Core–Shell Composite Nanomaterials
12.1.1 Unique Structure of DNA
12.1.3 Simplest Equivalent Model of DNA Conduction
12.1.4 Advantages of DNA Molecular Devices
12.2.1 DNA for the Assembly of Nanoparticles
12.2.2 Driving Force for Self-Assembly of DNA Templates
12.2.3 DNA as a Template to Prepare Molecular Wire
12.3 DNA Molecular Motors
12.3.1 Drexler Conjecture
12.3.3 Basic Principle of Molecular Motors
12.3.4 DNA Molecular Motors
12.3.4.1 DNA Applications in Molecular Devices
12.3.4.2 DNA Molecular Motors
Nanomaterials and Devices
( Micro and Nano Technologies )
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