Fluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer

CONTENTS

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

I INTRODUCTION TO FLUID FLOW

1 History of Chemical Engineering–Fluid Flow

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Fluid Flow

1.3 Chemical Engineering

References

2 Units and Dimensional Analysis

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Units and Dimensional Consistency

2.2 Dimensional Analysis

2.3 Buckingham Pi (π) Theorem

2.4 Scale-Up and Similarity

References

3 Key Terms and Definitions

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Fluids

3.2 Definitions

3.2.1 Temperature

3.2.2 Pressure

3.2.3 Density

3.2.4 Viscosity

3.2.5 Surface Tension: Capillary Rise

3.2.6 Newton’s Law

3.2.7 Kinetic Energy

3.2.8 Potential Energy

References

4 Transport Phenomena Versus Unit Operations

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Differences

4.3 What is Engineering?

References

5 Newtonian Fluids

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Newton’s Law of Viscosity

5.3 Viscosity Measurements

5.4 Microscopic Approach

References

6 Non-Newtonian Flow

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids

6.2.1 Non-Newtonian Fluids: Shear Stress

6.3 Microscopic Approach

6.3.1 Flow in Tubes

6.3.2 Flow Between Parallel Plates

6.3.3 Other Flow Geometries

References

II BASIC LAWS

7 Conservation Law for Mass

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Conservation of Mass

7.3 Microscopic Approach

References

8 Conservation Law for Energy

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Conservation of Energy

8.3 Total Energy Balance Equation

8.3.1 The Mechanical Energy Balance Equation

8.3.2 The Bernoulli Equation

References

9 Conservation Law for Momentum

9.1 Momentum Balances

9.2 Microscopic Approach: Equation of Momentum Transfer

References

10 Law of Hydrostatics

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Pressure Principles

10.2.1 Buoyancy Effects; Archimedes’ Law

10.3 Manomehy Principles

Reference

11 Ideal Gas Law

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Boyle’s and Charles’ Laws

11.3 The Ideal Gas Law

11.4 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior

References

III FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION

12 Flow Mechanisms

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The Reynolds Number

12.3 Strain Rate, Shear Rate, and Velocity Profile

12.4 Velocity Profile and Average Velocity

Reference

13 Laminar Flow in Pipes

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Friction Losses

13.3 Tube Size

13.4 Other Considerations

13.5 Microscopic Approach

References

14 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Describing Equations

14.3 Relative Roughness in Pipes

14.4 Friction Factor Equations

14.5 Other Considerations

14.6 Flow Through Several Pipes

14.7 General Predictive and Design Approaches

14.8 Microscopic Approach

References

15 Compressible and Sonic Flow

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Compressible Flow

15.3 Sonic Flow

15.4 Pressure Drop Equations

15.4.1 Isothermal Flow

References

16 Two-Phase Flow

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Gas (G)–Liquid (L) Flow Principles: Generalized Approach

16.3 Gas (Turbulent) Flow–Liquid (Turbulent) Flow

16.4 Gas (Turbulent) Flow–Liquid (Viscous) Flow

16.5 Gas (Viscous) Flow–Liquid (Viscous) Flow

16.6 Gas–Solid Flow

16.6.1 Introduction

16.6.2 Solids Motion

16.6.3 Pressure Drop

16.6.4 Design Procedure

16.6.5 Pressure Drop Reduction in Gas Flow

References

IV FLUID FLOW TRANSPORT AND APPLICATIONS

17 Prime Movers

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Fans

17.3 Pumps

17.3.1 Parallel Pumps

17.4 Compressors

References

18 Valves and Fittings

18.1 Valves

18.2 Fittings

18.3 Expansion and Contraction Effects

18.4 Calculating Losses of Valves and Fittings

18.5 Fluid Flow Experiment: Data and Calculations

References

19 Flow Measurement

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Manometry and Pressure Measurements

19.3 Pitot Tube

19.4 Venturi Meter

19.5 Orifice Meter

19.6 Selection Process

Reference

20 Ventilation

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Indoor Air Quality

20.3 Indoor Air/Ambient Air Comparison

20.4 Industrial Ventilation Systems

References

21 Academic Applications

References

22 Industrial Applications

References

V FLUID-PARTICLE APPLICATIONS

23 Particle Dynamics

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Particle Classification and Measurement

23.3 Drag Force

23.4 Particle Force Balance

23.5 Cunningham Correction Factor

23.6 Liquid-Particle Systems

23.7 Drag on a Flat Plate

References

24 Sedimentation, Centrifugation, Flotation

24.1 Sedimentation

24.2 Centrifugation

24.3 Hydrostatic Equilibrium in Centrifugation

24.4 Flotation

References

25 Porous Media and Packed Beds

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Definitions

25.3 Flow Regimes

References

26 Fluidization

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Fixed Beds

26.3 Permeability

26.4 Minimum Fluidization Velocity

26.5 Bed Height, Pressure Drop and Porosity

26.6 Fluidization Modes

26.7 Fluidization Experiment Data and Calculations

References

27 Filtration

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Filtration Equipment

27.3 Describing Equations

27.3.1 Compressible Cakes

27.4 Filtration Experimental Data and Calculations

References

VI SPECIAL TOPICS

28 Environmental Management

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Environmental Management History

28.2.1 Recent Environmental History

28.3 Environmental Management Topics

28.4 Applications

References

29 Accident and Emergency Management

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Legislation

29.2.1 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

29.2.2 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA)

29.3 Health Risk Assessment

29.3.1 Risk Evaluation Process for Health

29.4 Hazard Risk Assessment

29.4.1 Risk Evaluation Process for Accidents

29.5 Illustrative Examples

References

30 Ethics

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Teaching Ethics

30.3 Case Study Approach

30.4 Integrity

30.5 Moral Issues

30.6 Guardianship

30.7 Engineering and Environmental Ethics

30.8 Applications

References

31 Numerical Methods

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Early History

31.3 Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations

31.3.1 Gauss– Jordan Reduction

31.3.2 Gauss Elimination

31.3.3 Gauss-Seidel

31.4 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations

31.5 Numerical Integration

31.5.1 Trapezoidal Rule

31.5.2 Simpson’s Rule

References

32 Economics and Finance

32.1 Introduction

32.2 The Need for Economic Analyses

32.3 Definitions

32.3.1 Simple Interest

32.3.2 Compound Interest

32.3.3 Present Worth

32.3.4 Evaluation of Sums of Money

32.3.5 Depreciation

32.3.6 Fabricated Equipment Cost Index

32.3.7 Capital Recovery Factor

32.3.8 Present Net Worth

32.3.9 Perpetual Life

32.3.10 Break-Even Point

32.3.11 Approximate Rate of Return

32.3.12 Exact Rate of Return

32.3.13 Bonds

32.3.14 Incremental Cost

32.4 Principles of Accounting

32.5 Applications

References

33 Biomedical Engineering

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Definitions

33.3 Blood

33.4 Blood Vessels

33.5 Heart

33.6 Plasma/Cell How

33.7 Biomedical Engineering Opportunities

References

34 Open-Ended Problems

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Developing Students’ Power of Critical Thinking

34.3 Creativity

34.4 Brainstorming

34.5 Inquiring Minds

34.6 Angels on a Pin

34.7 Applications

References

APPENDIX

INDEX