Preface

Preface

Preface

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

Contents

Contents

Contents

Abbreviations

Abbreviations

Abbreviations

Additional Abbreviations

Additional Abbreviations

Additional Abbreviations

0 Introduction

0 Introduction

0 Introduction

0.1 Ištar-of-Nineveh and Ištar-of-Arbela

0.1 Ištar-of-Nineveh and Ištar-of-Arbela

0.1 Ištar-of-Nineveh and Ištar-of-Arbela

0.2 Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity

0.2 Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity

0.2 Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity

0.3 Outline and Method

0.3 Outline and Method

0.3 Outline and Method

1 Considering Multiplicity and Defining Deity

1 Considering Multiplicity and Defining Deity

1 Considering Multiplicity and Defining Deity

1.1 An Early History of Identifying and Equating Divine Names

1.1 An Early History of Identifying and Equating Divine Names

1.1 An Early History of Identifying and Equating Divine Names

1.2 Toward Minimizing Multiplicity

1.2 Toward Minimizing Multiplicity

1.2 Toward Minimizing Multiplicity

1.3 Toward Maximizing Multiplicity

1.3 Toward Maximizing Multiplicity

1.3 Toward Maximizing Multiplicity

1.4 Agency, Names, Offerings, and Rituals

1.4 Agency, Names, Offerings, and Rituals

1.4 Agency, Names, Offerings, and Rituals

1.5 Conclusions

1.5 Conclusions

1.5 Conclusions

Excursus: “Syncretism”

Excursus: “Syncretism”

Excursus: “Syncretism”

2 Comparative Insights

2 Comparative Insights

2 Comparative Insights

2.1 The Multiple Manifestations of the Madonna

2.1 The Multiple Manifestations of the Madonna

2.1 The Multiple Manifestations of the Madonna

2.2 Hittite Multiplicity

2.2 Hittite Multiplicity

2.2 Hittite Multiplicity

2.3 Conclusions

2.3 Conclusions

2.3 Conclusions

3 The Divine Hierarchy and Embedded God Lists (EGLs)

3 The Divine Hierarchy and Embedded God Lists (EGLs)

3 The Divine Hierarchy and Embedded God Lists (EGLs)

3.1 Moving Away from Lexical God Lists

3.1 Moving Away from Lexical God Lists

3.1 Moving Away from Lexical God Lists

3.2 The Last Are Least

3.2 The Last Are Least

3.2 The Last Are Least

3.3 Building Composite God Lists

3.3 Building Composite God Lists

3.3 Building Composite God Lists

3.4 Witness-List Traditions

3.4 Witness-List Traditions

3.4 Witness-List Traditions

3.5 Personal and Royal Correspondence

3.5 Personal and Royal Correspondence

3.5 Personal and Royal Correspondence

3.6 Cultic Texts and EGLs

3.6 Cultic Texts and EGLs

3.6 Cultic Texts and EGLs

3.7 Implications for the Present Study

3.7 Implications for the Present Study

3.7 Implications for the Present Study

4 The Ištar Goddesses of Neo-Assyria

4 The Ištar Goddesses of Neo-Assyria

4 The Ištar Goddesses of Neo-Assyria

4.1 The Ištar Goddesses by Several Other Names and Titles

4.1 The Ištar Goddesses by Several Other Names and Titles

4.1 The Ištar Goddesses by Several Other Names and Titles

4.2 Theological Speculations about Ištar Goddesses

4.2 Theological Speculations about Ištar Goddesses

4.2 Theological Speculations about Ištar Goddesses

4.3 The Goddess at Nineveh

4.3 The Goddess at Nineveh

4.3 The Goddess at Nineveh

4.4 The Goddess at Arbela

4.4 The Goddess at Arbela

4.4 The Goddess at Arbela

4.5 Who is Mullissu, and when is she Mullissu?

4.5 Who is Mullissu, and when is she Mullissu?

4.5 Who is Mullissu, and when is she Mullissu?

4.6 Assyrian-Ištar

4.6 Assyrian-Ištar

4.6 Assyrian-Ištar

4.8 Conclusions

4.8 Conclusions

4.8 Conclusions

5 Geographic Epithets in the West

5 Geographic Epithets in the West

5 Geographic Epithets in the West

5.1 The Baal Deities of Ugarit

5.1 The Baal Deities of Ugarit

5.1 The Baal Deities of Ugarit

5.2 Baal-of-Ugarit and the other Baal Deities at Ugarit

5.2 Baal-of-Ugarit and the other Baal Deities at Ugarit

5.2 Baal-of-Ugarit and the other Baal Deities at Ugarit

5.3 Baal: Epithet or Name?

5.3 Baal: Epithet or Name?

5.3 Baal: Epithet or Name?

5.4 The Baal Deities of the First Millennium

5.4 The Baal Deities of the First Millennium

5.4 The Baal Deities of the First Millennium

5.5 Why is a Baal Deity’s Geography Important?

5.5 Why is a Baal Deity’s Geography Important?

5.5 Why is a Baal Deity’s Geography Important?

5.6 First-millennium Goddesses in Northwest Semitic Texts

5.6 First-millennium Goddesses in Northwest Semitic Texts

5.6 First-millennium Goddesses in Northwest Semitic Texts

5.7 Conclusions

5.7 Conclusions

5.7 Conclusions

6 A Kuntillet ‘Ajrud Awakening

6 A Kuntillet ‘Ajrud Awakening

6 A Kuntillet ‘Ajrud Awakening

6.1 “Hear, O Israel, Yahweh//our-God”

6.1 “Hear, O Israel, Yahweh//our-God”

6.1 “Hear, O Israel, Yahweh//our-God”

6.2 The Geographic Origin of Yahweh: Teman

6.2 The Geographic Origin of Yahweh: Teman

6.2 The Geographic Origin of Yahweh: Teman

6.3 Yahweh and the Kingdom of Israel: Samaria

6.3 Yahweh and the Kingdom of Israel: Samaria

6.3 Yahweh and the Kingdom of Israel: Samaria

6.4 Yahweh and the Kingdom of Judah: Zion and the Hosts

6.4 Yahweh and the Kingdom of Judah: Zion and the Hosts

6.4 Yahweh and the Kingdom of Judah: Zion and the Hosts

6.5 Yahweh and the bet-Locative

6.5 Yahweh and the bet-Locative

6.5 Yahweh and the bet-Locative

6.6 Conclusions

6.6 Conclusions

6.6 Conclusions

7 Conclusions

7 Conclusions

7 Conclusions

7.1 Summary

7.1 Summary

7.1 Summary

7.2 Implications

7.2 Implications

7.2 Implications

Bibliography

Bibliography

Bibliography

Maps

Maps

Maps

Appendix: Tables 1.1–7.1

Appendix: Tables 1.1–7.1

Appendix: Tables 1.1–7.1

Indices

Indices

Indices

Primary Texts Index

Primary Texts Index

Primary Texts Index

General Index

General Index

General Index