Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice

Author: Krapohl   Donald;Shaw   Pamela  

Publisher: Elsevier Science‎

Publication year: 2015

E-ISBN: 9780128029251

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780128029244

Subject: D919 法医学

Keyword: 法律

Language: ENG

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Description

Though polygraph has been the mainstay for government and police departments since World War II, it has undergone substantial transformation in recent years. Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice bridges the gap between the outmoded practices and today’s validated testing and analysis protocols. The goal of this reference is to thoroughly and concisely describe the evidence-based practices of polygraphy. Coverage will include: psychophysiology, testing techniques, data collection, data analysis, ethics, polygraph law, alternate technologies and much more. This text addresses the foundational needs of polygraph students, and is written to be useful and accessible to attorneys, forensic scientists, consumers of polygraph services, and the general public.

  • Includes protocols and fundamentals of polygraph practice
  • Covers the history of lie detection, psychophysiology, data collection, techniques and testing, data analysis and much more
  • Authors are internationally recognized in the polygraph field

Chapter

Ancient Traditions

Observations of Behavior

Observations of Physiology

Modern Developments

Instrumentation

Cardiovascular Measures

Breathing

Electrodermal

First Precedent in Law

The Advent of Multiple Recordings

Modern Instrumentation

Evolution of Techniques

Evolution of Analytic Methods

Final Comment

References

Chapter 2: Anatomy and physiology for polygraph examiners

Background

Organization

Integumentary System

Nervous System

Cardiovascular System

Respiratory System

Conclusion

About the Author

References

Chapter 3: Test question construction

Irrelevant Questions

Examples of Irrelevant Questions

Relevant Questions

Primary Relevant Questions

Secondary Relevant Questions

Probable-Lie Comparison Questions

Exclusionary Phrases

Examples of PLCs

Physical attacks (e.g., homicides, assaults, robberies, etc.)

Sex Crimes

Damage to Property (e.g.) vandalism, sabotage, arson, etc.

Stealing

Lying (e.g., false police report, perjury, etc.)

Victims of Sexual Offenses

Directed Lie Comparison Questions

Examples of DLCs

Other Common Questions

Sacrifice Relevant Question

Symptomatic Questions

Introductory Question

Less Common Questions

Countermeasure Question

Guilt Complex Question

Hope/Fear Questions

Overall Truth

Positive Control

Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Data collection

Explaining Sensors to the Examinee

General Introduction

Pneumographs

Electrodermal

Photoplethysmograph

Cardiovascular

Motion Sensor

Sensor Placement

Pneumograph Sensors

Electrodermal Sensors

Photoplethysmograph Sensor

Blood pressure Cuff

Motion Sensor

Tracing Appearance

Pneumograph

Troubleshooting

Electrodermal

Troubleshooting

Photoplethysmograph

Motion Sensor

Cardiovascular

Appearance of the Chart

Final Comment

Reference

Recommended Readings

Chapter 5: Analysis of polygraph data

Definitions

Other Definitions

How to Approach Chart Interpretation

Features

Electrodermal

EDR Exemplars

Amplitude

Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular Exemplars

Artifacts in the Cardiovascular Channel

Vasomotor

Pneumograph

Suppression

Slowing

Baseline Rise

Movement Sensor

Scoring Systems

About 7-Position Scoring

About 3-Position Scoring

About the ESS

Scoring Rules

Response Windows

Scoring the Pneumograph

Scoring the Electrodermal Channel

Scoring the Cardiograph

Scoring the PPG

Rank Order Scoring

Decision Rules

Multiple-Issue and Multiple-Facet Examinations

7- and 3-Position Scoring

Empirical Scoring System

Single-Issue Examinations: Investigative

Federal Zone Comparison Technique

"You Phase”

Utah Probable-Lie Test

Single-Issue Examinations: Evidentiary

Global Analysis

Purposeful Non-cooperation

References

Chapter 6: Polygraph screening

Overview

Successive Hurdles

Test Topics

Adjudications

Recording

Surveys

Significant Case Tracking

Results

General Suggestions for Pretest Interviews

Directed-Lie Screening Test

DLST Pretest Interview

Introduction of the Directed Lies

DLST Test Phase

DLST Scoring

DLST Decision Rules

Next Steps

Air Force Modified General Question Technique

AFMGQT Pretest

Phase I

Phase II

AFMGQT Test Phase

AFMGQT Scoring

AFMGQT Decision Rules

Relevant/Irrelevant Screening Test

RI Pretest

RI Test Phase

RI Scoring Rules

RI Decision Rules

Screening Examination Reports

References

Chapter 7: Specific-issue testing techniques

Case Preparation

Pretest Interview

The Introduction

Overview of the Process

Consent Form, Rights Advisement

Gathering Biographic Information

Explaining the Polygraph

Discussion of Test Issues

Question Introduction

Acquaintance Test

Federal Zone Comparison Technique

FZCT Test Phase

FZCT Scoring Rules

FZCT Decision Rules

Utah Probable Lie Test

UPLT Test Phase

UPLT Scoring

UPLT Decision Rules

Single-Issue

Multiple-Facet

Mixed-Issue

Air Force Modified General Question Technique

Versions of the AFMGQT

AFMGQT Scoring

AFMGQT Decision Rules

References

Chapter 8: Recognition tests

Peak of Tension

Constructing KSPOTs

Constructing SPOTs

Analyzing the POT

Concealed Information Test

CIT Instrumentation

CIT Testing

Test 1: The Weapon

Test 2: Location of the Body

Test 3: Theft

Test 4: The Escape

Analyzing the CIT

Summary of Best CIT Practices

References

Chapter 9: Scientific issues

Validity

Reliability

Types of Validity Studies

Field Studies

Laboratory Studies

Effect of Decision Rules

Effects of Base Rates

Polygraph Theories

Psychological Set

Relevant Issue Gravity

Differential Salience

Preliminary Process Theory

References

Chapter 10: Polygraph legal issues

Admissibility of Evidence of Polygraph Examination Results

From Frye to Daubert

Post-Daubert Admissibility of Polygraph Evidence

United States V. Scheffer

Lee v. Martinez

Stipulated Polygraph Evidence

Polygraph Evidence in Sentencing

Polygraph Admissibility in Other Proceedings

Use of Polygraph in Interrogation

General Rule

Miranda Considerations

Postconviction Sex Offender Testing

Polygraph in the Workplace

Licensing of Polygraph Examiners

The Future of Polygraph and the Law

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Chapter 11: Advanced topics

Physical Conditions Requiring Accommodation

Amputations/Injuries

Electrodermal

Cardiovascular

Pneumograph

Photoplethysmograph (PPG)

Blindness

Cardiovascular Disorders

Heartbeat Irregularities

Heart Attacks

Respiratory Blood Pressure Fluctuations (RBPFs)

Dwarfism

Hearing Impairment

Interpreter

Technology

Obesity

Pregnancy

Stuttering

Ethics

Reasons for Ethical Lapses

External Pressures

Internal Pressures

Ethical Principles

Regard for the Examinee

Competence

Integrity

Impartiality

Conclusion

Report Writing

Identification

Background

Purpose

The Examination

Pretest

Test Phase

Analyses and Results

Posttest Statements

Other Information

Postconviction Sex Offender Testing (PCSOT)

Instant Offense

Instant Offense Investigative

Prior Allegation

Sexual History (I & II)

Sex Offense Monitoring

Maintenance

Asset Forfeiture Testing

Conclusion

Working with Foreign Language Interpreters

Step 1: The Interpreter

Step 2: Preparation

Step 3: Pretest

Step 4: Testing

Conclusion

Silent Answer Test

Yes Test

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Paired Testing: The “Marin Protocol”

Requirements

Conclusion

Testing Victims of Traumatic Events

Recommendations

References

Chapter 12: Alternate technologies

Event-Related Potentials

How It Works

Potential in Lie Detection

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

How It Works

Potential in Lie Detection

Thermal Imaging

How It Works

Potential in Lie Detection

Saccadic Eye Movement

How It Works

Potential in Lie Detection

Oculomotor Deception Test

How It Works

Potential in Lie Detection

Laser Doppler Vibrometry

How It Works

Potential in Lie Detection

Voice-Based Systems

Autobiographical Implicit Association Test

References

Glossary

Appendix A. Public Law 100 – 347

Section 1. Short title

Section 2. Definitions

Section 3. Prohibitions on lie detector use

Section 4. Notice of protection

Section 5. Authority of the secretary

Section 6. Enforcement provisions

Section 7. Exemptions

Section 8. Restrictions on use of exemptions

Section 9. Disclosure of information

Section 10. Effect on other law and agreements

Section 11. Effective date

Appendix B. 2015 Update to the APA 2011 meta-analytic survey of validated polygraph techniques

Appendix C. Confidential report

Test phase

Posttest admissions

Conclusions and recommendations

CRITERION accuracy/probability of errors

References

Appendix C2. Polygraph Examination Report

Index

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