Front Cover

Land Restoration: Reclaiming Landscapes for a Sustainable Future

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Contributors

Acknowledgments

Foreword

Governing Land Restoration: Four Hypotheses

References

Introduction

Part 1: Social Contexts of Land Restoration

Chapter 1.1: Land Degradation as a Security Threat Amplifier: The New Global Frontline

1.1.1. Introduction

1.1.2. The Human Security Lens

1.1.3. Land Degradation Can Make Things Worse

1.1.4. Global Threats to Human Security

1.1.5. Sustainable Land Management and Restoration

1.1.6. Land Degradation Neutrality

1.1.7. Conclusions

References

Chapter 1.2: Land Degradation and its Impact on Security

1.2.1. Introduction

1.2.2. The Recognition of Land Degradation and Climate Change as Security Influences

1.2.3. Conflict Constellations

1.2.3.1. Water Scarcity

1.2.3.2. Loss of Land

1.2.3.3. Food Insecurity

1.2.4. Conflict Pathways

1.2.5. Hot Spots

1.2.5.1. Land Degradation in the Sahel

1.2.5.2. Droughts in the Middle East

1.2.5.3. Land Degradation and Water Scarcity in Central Asia

1.2.5.4. Tropical Cyclones in South Asia and Southeast Asia

1.2.6. Conclusions and Recommendations

References

Chapter 1.3: (EM)Powering People: Reconciling Energy Security and Land-Use Management in the Sudano-Sahelian Region

1.3.1. Introduction

1.3.2. Paradigm Shifts: Energy Security and Land Degradation

1.3.2.1. The Paradigm of Energy Security

1.3.2.2. The Paradigm of Land Degradation

1.3.3. Current Patterns of Energy Production and Consumption and the Links Between Energy Security and Land Degradation

1.3.3.1. Energy Indicators

1.3.3.2. Land Grabbing and Land Degradation

1.3.3.3. Linking Energy Security to Land Degradation in the Context of the Sudano-Sahelian Region

Availability of Energy Resources

Accessibility of Supplies

Acceptability

Affordability

1.3.4. Vulnerabilities, risks, and resilience of energy systems from a long term perspective

1.3.4.1. The IEAs New Policy Scenario

1.3.4.2. IRENA Scenario

1.3.5. Case Studies

1.3.5.1. Case Study1: Sudan and South Sudan

Socioeconomic Context

The Energy Landscape

Land Degradation: Causes and Consequences

1.3.5.2. Case Study2: Mali

Geographic and Socioeconomic Context

The Energy Landscape

Land degradation: Causes and Consequences

Measures to Improve Energy Security and Mitigate Land Degradation

1.3.6. Policy Options for Mitigating Land Degradation and Improving Energy Security

1.3.6.1. Agroforestry Practices

1.3.6.2. Sustainable Cooking Fuels and Modern Cooking Technologies

1.3.6.3. Off-Grid and Minigrid Solutions

1.3.6.4. Renewable Energies for Power Generation

1.3.7. Conclusions and Recommendations

1.3.7.1. Technological Recommendations

Policy, Institutional, and Regulatory Actions—Recommendations

References

Appendix. Development Indicators

Chapter 1.4: Enabling Governance for Sustainable Land Management

1.4.1. Introduction

1.4.2. Land Degradation and Conflict

1.4.3. Governance: A Common Denominator

1.4.3.1. Restoring the Influence of Traditional Leadership

1.4.3.2. Recovering Ancestral Knowledge

1.4.3.3. Updating Traditional Systems

1.4.3.4. Empowering Women Through Governance

1.4.3.5. Enhancing Social Fabric and Grassroots Organizations

1.4.3.6. Legal Recognition of Local Rules and Regulations

1.4.3.7. Preserving Natural Infrastructure

1.4.4. Overall Lessons for Improved Governance and Conflict Management

1.4.5. Conclusion

References

Part 2: Concepts and Methodologies for Restoration and Maintenance

Chapter 2.1: Tenets of Soil and Landscape Restoration

2.1.1. Introduction

2.1.2. Soil Erosion and Organic Carbon Dynamics

2.1.3. Strategies of Soil and Landscape Restoration

2.1.4. Implementation of Ecological Restoration

2.1.4.1. Implementation at the Landscape Level

2.1.4.2. Harmonizing the Ecological Effects with Current and Future Social Demographic Changes

2.1.4.3. Building upon Traditional Knowledge

2.1.4.4. Risk Assessment and Management

2.1.4.5. Multiple Benefits of Landscape Restoration

2.1.4.6. Ecological Engineering

2.1.5. Establishing Vegetation Cover

2.1.6. Water Management

2.1.7. Landscape Restoration and Ecosystem Services

2.1.8. Conclusions

References

Chapter 2.2: Stabilization of Sand Dunes: Do Ecology and Public Perception go Hand in Hand?

2.2.1. Introduction

2.2.2. Study Site

2.2.3. Methods

2.2.3.1. Dichotomous Choice

2.3.3.2. Survey Description and Administration

2.2.3.3. Ecological Measure

2.2.4. Results

2.2.4.1. Descriptive Statistics

2.2.4.2. Econometric Estimation

2.2.4.3. Estimation of the Benefits of the Various Sand Dune Types

2.2.4.4. Ecological Value Measured in Monetary Terms

2.2.5. Discussion

2.2.6. Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 2.3: Trust Building and Mobile Pastoralism in Africa

2.3.1. Background: Mobile Pastoralism and Grasslands

2.3.2. A Context of Mistrust

2.3.3. Failed Interventions and an Inadequate Theoretical Framework

2.3.4. Darfur, Sudan-A Need for Good Governance

2.3.5. Kaduna State, Nigeria: Ethnoreligious Conflict and Socioeconomic Inclusivity

2.3.6. Baringo County, Kenya: An Example of Good Practice

2.3.7. Trust Building Successes

References

Chapter 2.4: Land Degradation From Military Toxics: Public Health Considerations and Possible Solution Paths

2.4.1. Military Activities

2.4.2. Chemical Weapons

2.4.3. Nuclear Contamination

2.4.4. Depleted Uranium

2.4.4.1. Confirmed Use of Depleted Uranium Weapons

2.4.4.2. Environmental and Health Considerations

2.4.4.3. UN Resolution on Depleted Uranium

2.4.5. Case Study: Landmines and Other Remnants of War

2.4.6. Case Study: Land Contamination at Shooting Ranges

2.4.7. Case Study: Land Contamination in Kuwait After the 1990-1991 Iraqi Invasion

2.4.8. Soil Remediation

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2.5: Flood and Drought Prevention and Disaster Mitigation: Combating Land Degradation with an Integrated Natural S ...

2.5.1. Introduction

2.5.2. Soil Erosion: Causes and Consequences

2.5.3. Restoring Landscape Function Through Soil Formation and Water Harvesting

2.5.3.1. General Soil Restoration Techniques

2.5.4. Project Implementation

2.5.4.1. Training

2.5.4.2. Demonstration Sites

2.5.4.3. Monitoring and Establishing a Historic Database

2.5.4.4. Program Outline

References

Chapter 2.6: Environmental Security, Land Restoration, and the Military: A Case Study of the Ecological Task Forces in India

2.6.1. Introduction

2.6.2. Land Degradation as Part of the Environmental Security Spectrum

2.6.3. Military Dimensions of Environmental Security: Indian and Global Perspectives

2.6.4. The Role of the Military in Land Restoration in India

2.6.5. Bhatti Mines in the Capital: A Case Study

2.6.6. Conclusion

References

Chapter 2.7: Releasing the Underground Forest: Case Studies and Preconditions for Human Movements that Restore Land with t ...

2.7.1. Introduction

2.7.2. FMNR: Birth and Spread of a Movement, Niger Republic

2.7.3. Adoption and Rapid Spread of FMNR, Ethiopia

2.7.4. FMNR in Ghana: from Despair to "Life and Joy"

2.7.5. FMNR in Senegal: Appreciating the Environment

2.7.6. Benefits of FMNR

2.7.7. Preconditions for the Scale-up of FMNR

2.7.8. From the Grassroots to a Global Movement

2.7.9. Conclusions

Part 3: Soil, Water, and Energy—The Relationship to Land Restoration

Chapter 3.1: Computational Policy Support Systems for Understanding Land Degradation Effects on Water and Food Security fo ...

3.1.1. Land Degradation Policy Support

3.1.1.1. What Is Policy Support?

3.1.1.2. Which Policy Makers Are Involved?

3.1.1.3. Which Policies Should Be Used?

3.1.2. Information Needs for Land Restoration

3.1.2.1. Static Desertification Assessments Versus Dynamic PSS

3.1.2.2. Africa Subject to Recent Land Degradation

3.1.2.3. Africa at Risk of Future Degradation

3.1.2.4. Global Change Risk Factors

3.1.2.5. Deforestation Scenarios

3.1.2.6. Climate Change Scenarios

3.1.2.7. Integrating Pressures and Threats

3.1.2.8. Human Dependency

3.1.2.9. Supply Chain Teleconnections (All Commodities)

3.1.3. Restoring Africa

3.1.3.1. The Desertification Baseline for Gabon

3.1.4. Conclusions

References

Chapter 3.2: The Value of Land Restoration as a Response to Climate Change

3.2.1. Ecosystems and Climate Change

3.2.2. Restoring Terrestrial Carbon Stocks

3.2.3. The Restoration Opportunity in Context

3.2.4. The Importance of Soil Carbon

3.2.5. Land and Climate Change Adaptation

3.2.6. Meeting the Rising Demands on Land

3.2.7. Conclusion

References

Part 4: Economics, Policy, and Governance of Land Restoration

Chapter 4.1: The Importance of Land Restoration for Achieving a Land Degradation–Neutral World

4.1.1. Introduction

4.1.2. Definition and Accounting of Land Degradation Neutrality

4.1.2.1. Land Degradation

4.1.3. Land Restoration

4.1.3.1. Restoring Eroded Soil

4.1.3.2. Restoring Soil Quality

4.1.3.3. Restoring Natural Vegetation

4.1.3.4. Building Momentum in Land Restoration

4.1.4. Conclusions

References

Chapter 4.2: Transforming Land Conflicts into Sustainable Development: The Case of the Taita Taveta of Kenya

4.2.1. Introduction

4.2.1.1. Taita Taveta County

4.2.1.2. The Social and Political Organization of the Wadawida and Watuweta

4.2.1.3. Land Conflicts over the Establishment of Tsavo National Park

4.2.1.4. Land Conflicts Between Workers in the Mines and Owners of the Mines

4.2.1.5. Land Conflicts Between Workers and Large-scale Farm Owners

4.2.1.6. Land Conflicts over Infrastructure

4.2.1.7. Land Conflicts Between Widows and Their In-Laws

4.2.1.8. Land Conflicts Between Taita Taveta and Their Neighbors over Areas of Jurisdiction

4.2.2. Conclusion

References

Chapter 4.3: Case Study: Taranaki Farm Regenerative Agriculture. Pathways to Integrated Ecological Farming

4.3.1. Case Study: Introduction

4.3.2. Decline of Family Farms

4.3.3. The Rise of Resilient Farms-Keyline Design

4.3.4. Permaculture-A Design Science

4.3.5. Complexity and Chaos into Order, from Patterns to Details

4.3.6. Taranaki Farm—Local Markets Focus with Financially Sustainable Complex Systems

4.3.7. Ethics and Restorative Agricultural Economy

References

Chapter 4.4: Regenerating Agriculture to Sustain Civilization

4.4.1. Introduction

4.4.2. The Need for a New Agricultural Philosophy

4.4.2.1. Broad Environmental Differences

4.4.2.2. Desertification

4.4.3. Water Management: Agricultural Practices and Policies

4.4.3.1. Keyline—Water for Every Farm

4.4.3.2. Permaculture and Swales

4.4.3.3. Large-Scale Land Reclamation

4.4.4. Holistic Management

4.4.4.1. Systemic Problems

4.4.4.2. Tools to Address Agriculture, Desertification, and Climate Change

4.4.4.3. Properly Managed Livestock

4.4.4.4. Planned Grazing: Holistic Management and Holistic Planned Grazing

4.4.5. Policy and Development Projects

4.4.6. Improving Management

References

Chapter 4.5: Land Degradation: An Economic Perspective

4.5.1. The Economics of Land Degradation Initiative

4.5.2. From scientific knowledge to action: Implementation of economic valuation

References

Chapter 4.6: Four Returns, Three Zones, 20 Years: A Systemic Approach to Scale up Landscape Restoration by Businesses and ...

4.6.1. Introduction

4.6.1.1. Rethinking Our Relationship with Nature

4.6.1.2. Obstacles Limiting Business Involvement in Restoration

4.6.1.3. Targets

4.6.1.4. Systemic Model

4.6.2. Ecosystem Restoration: The Economy Relies on Ecology

4.6.3. Restoring Ecosystem Functions Is Restoring our Economy

4.6.3.1. Beyond Impact Reduction

4.6.4. Restoration and Rehabilitation

4.6.4.1. Different Landscapes, Different Approaches

4.6.4.2. Creating a Restoration Industry

4.6.5. A Toolbox of Promising Solutions

4.6.5.1. Social Tools

4.6.5.2. Technical Tools

4.6.6. Business Schools: Preparing Managers for a Restoration Industry

4.6.7. Closing the Gap Between Business and Ecosystem Restoration

4.6.7.1. The Role of Business

4.6.7.2. Removing Obstacles That Prevent Productive Partnerships

4.6.7.3. The Need for a Trustworthy Deal Maker

4.6.7.4. Avoiding Land Grabs and Green Washing

4.6.8. Creating Ecosystem Restoration Partnerships

4.6.8.1. Ecosystem Restoration Partnerships

4.6.8.2. Critical Success Factors

4.6.9. A Practical Systemic Approach: The Four Returns Model

4.6.9.1. Ecosystem Degradation Leads to Four Losses; Restoration Delivers Four Returns

4.6.9.2. Three Landscaping Zones

4.6.9.3. Stakeholder Management: Theory U

4.6.9.4. Long-term Partnerships

4.6.9.5. Four Returns Deal Maker and Business Developer

4.6.10. From Restoration-Ready to Investor-Ready: Developing a Four Returns/Three Zones/20 Years Restoration Industry

4.6.10.1. The Transition from a Degradation Industry to a Restoration Industry

4.6.11. Conclusion

References

Chapter 4.7: Restoring Degraded Ecosystems by Unlocking Organic Market Potential: Case Study From Mashonaland East Provinc ...

4.7.1. Introduction

4.7.2. The Wider Challenge

4.7.3. Engaging Different Actors to Stimulate Change

4.7.4. Action Research Area

4.7.5. Our Approach

4.7.6. Facilitating Behavioral Change to Restore Ecosystem Functions

4.7.7. Engaging Leadership for Land Tenure Security

4.7.8. Farmer Agency: Facilitating Representation

4.7.9. Promising Advances

4.7.10. Ongoing and Emerging Challenges

4.7.11. Market Production Versus Natural Resource Use

4.7.12. Conclusion

References

Chapter 4.8: A Continuing Inquiry into Ecosystem Restoration: Examples From China’s Loess Plateau and Locations Worldwide ...

4.8.1. A Journey Begins

4.8.1.1. Considering the Implications

4.8.1.2. Human History in the Loess Plateau

4.8.1.3. Restoration: Theory and Practice

4.8.1.4. Internalizing Externalities

4.8.1.5. Capital Investment

4.8.1.6. Innovations in IT to Improve Stakeholder Understanding and Management

4.8.1.7. Differentiation and Designation of Ecological and Economic Land

4.8.2. Mosaic Landscape Theory

4.8.2.1. Participatory Assessment Mechanisms

4.8.2.2. Payment for Increasing Ecosystem Function

4.8.2.3. Continuing Research

4.8.3. Lessons

4.8.4. Communicating About the Chinese Restoration Experiences in Africa

4.8.4.1. Further Activities

4.8.5. Water Retention Landscapes

4.8.6. Biodiversity

4.8.7. Land Tenure and Precedent?

4.8.8. The Promise of the Commons

4.8.9. Valuing Fundamentals

4.8.10. Conclusion

References

Part 5: The Community as a Resource for Land Restoration

Chapter 5.1: Poverties and Wealth: Perceptions, Empowerment, and Agency in Sustainable Land Management

5.1.1. Introduction

5.1.2. History of the Suid Bokkeveld

5.1.3. Geography and Ecology of the Suid Bokkeveld

5.1.3.1. Extreme Events and Soil Erosion

5.1.4. Some Key Concepts for Sustainable Development

5.1.4.1. Participation

5.1.4.2. Agency and Empowerment

5.1.4.3. Participatory Action Research

5.1.5. The Process of Development in the Suid Bokkeveld

5.1.5.1. Opening the Door to Change

5.1.5.2. Creating a Shared Vision and Mapping a Pathway to a Better Future

5.1.5.3. The Heiveld Cooperative as a Vehicle for Local Development

5.1.6. Conserving Natural Resources

5.1.6.1. Sustainable Use of Endemic Aspalathus linearis

5.1.6.2. Conserving Soil

5.1.7. Agency and Development in the Suid Bokkeveld

5.1.7.1. Perceptions and Agency

5.1.7.2. Learning and Change

5.1.7.3. Evolving Agency: Self-mobilization and the Poverty Trap

5.1.8. Conclusion

References

Chapter 5.2: All Voices Heard: A Conflict Prevention Approach to Land and Natural Resources

5.2.1. Introduction

5.2.2. Role of Law and Policy: Participatory Decision Making

5.2.2.1. Public Participation in Decisions Around Land

5.2.2.2. Improving Dialogue Channels Among Actors

5.2.2.3. Including Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups

5.2.2.4. International Human Rights Law

5.2.2.5. Access to Justice

5.2.3. Role of Law and Policy: Empowering Local Communities

5.2.3.1. Capacity Building at All Levels

5.2.3.2. Access to Information

5.2.3.3. Recognizing Local Tenure Rights

5.2.3.4. The CFS Voluntary Guidelines on Tenure

5.2.3.5. Indigenous Peoples Rights

5.2.4. Role of Law and Policy: Building Resilience

5.2.4.1. Supporting Local Institutions Around Land and Natural Resources

5.2.4.2. Hyogo Framework for Action: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters

5.2.5. Conclusions and Recommendations

5.2.5.1. Key Summary Points

References

Part 6: Gender in the Context of Land Restoration

Chapter 6.1: Land Restoration, Agriculture, and Climate Change: Enriching Gender Programming Through Strengthening Interse ...

6.1.1. Introduction

6.1.2. Incorporating Social Difference into Land Restoration Research and Programming

6.1.3. Climate Change, Gender, and Land Restoration

6.1.4. Drawbacks of Conventional Binary Gender Analysis

6.1.5. Expanding Intersectional Gender Analysis Within Land Restoration and Climate Change Research

6.1.6. Conclusions: Looking Toward Integrating Land Restoration, Climate Change, and Intersectional Gender Research

References

Chapter 6.2: Gender Roles and Land use Preferences—Implications to Landscape Restoration in Southeast Asia

6.2.1. Introduction

6.2.2. Gender and Land Management Nexus

6.2.3. Case Studies

6.2.3.1. Womens Preference over Highly Profitable Land Uses in Indonesia

6.2.3.2. Increasing Female-Headed Households in the Philippines

6.2.3.3. Shared Roles and Joint Decision Making in Vietnam

6.2.4. Gender Implications with Land Restoration

6.2.4.1. Land Restoration Efforts May Be Unwanted by Women Who Seek Greener Pastures by Engaging in Highly Profitable Lan...

6.2.4.2. Gender-Specific Roles and Preferences Are not Static

6.2.4.3. Building on Gender-Specific Contexts to Design Gender-Responsive and Gender-Focused Land Restoration Approaches

References

Part 7: Communities, Restoration, Resilience

Chapter 7.1: Drought-Management Policies and Preparedness Plans: Changing the Paradigm From Crisis to Risk Management

7.1.1. Introduction

7.1.2. National Drought Policy: Background

7.1.3. Drought Policy Development: A Template for Action

7.1.3.1. Drought Policy: Characteristics and the Way Forward

7.1.3.1.1. Principal Elements of a Drought Risk-Reduction Policy Framework

7.1.4. National Drought-Management Policy: A Process

Step 1: Appoint a national drought-management policy commission

Step 2: State or define the goals and objectives of a risk-based national drought-management policy

Step 3: Seek stakeholder participation; define and resolve conflicts among key water-use sectors, considering also transbou...

Step 4: Inventory resources and identify groups at risk

Step 5: Prepare/write the key tenets of a national drought-management policy and preparedness plans

Monitoring, Early Warning, and Information-Delivery Committee

Risk-Assessment Committee

Mitigation and Response Committee

Writing the Preparedness/Mitigation Plan

Step 6: Identify research needs and fill institutional gaps

Step 7: Integrate science and policy

Step 8: Publicize the drought policy and plans, build public awareness and consensus

Step 9: Develop education programs

Step 10: Evaluate and revise drought policy and mitigation plans

Ongoing Evaluation

Postdrought Evaluation

7.1.5. Summary and Conclusion

References

Chapter 7.2: Not the Usual Suspects: Environmental Impacts of Migration in Ghana’s Forest-Savanna Transition Zone

7.2.1. Introduction

7.2.2. Dagaba Migration

7.2.3. First Line of Evidence: Environmental Degradation Overstated

7.2.4. Second Line of Evidence: Most Environmental Degradation, If Any, Occurred Before the Large-Scale Immigration of Se...

7.2.5. Third Line of Evidence: The Studies That Blame Migrants for Environmental Degradation Neglect the Most Crucial Cau...

7.2.6. Fourth Line of Evidence: Immigration of Farmers from Northwest Ghana Hardly Plays a Role in Local Discourses of En...

7.2.7. Fifth Line of Evidence: Native Farmers See Differences in Farming Techniques Between Themselves and Settler Farmer...

7.2.8. Sixth Line of Evidence: A Survey Among Settler Farmers and Native Farmers Shows Differences in Farming Techniques ...

7.2.9. Evaluation of Survey Findings on Land-Use Sustainability

7.2.10. Conclusion

References

Chapter 7.3: The Global Restoration Initiative

7.3.1. Introduction

7.3.2. Opportunity

Weve seen some progress . . .

7.3.3. Climate Change Mitigation

7.3.4. Water Benefits

7.3.5. Economic Livelihoods

7.3.6. Conflict Reduction

7.3.7. Gender

7.3.8. . . . but hurdles remain

7.3.8.1. Lack of inspiration or motivation

7.3.8.2. Missing Enabling Conditions

7.3.8.3. Insufficient On-the-Ground Implementation

7.3.9. Solutions?

7.3.9.1. Returning an Ecosystem to Its Former Landscape May not Be Possible or Desirable in Some Places

7.3.9.2. Restoration Is About Creating Multiple Societal Benefits, and Planting Trees May not Be a Part of It

7.3.9.3. Inaction Costs More than People Think

7.3.10. Conclusion

References

Part 8: Selected Case Studies

Chapter 8.1: Indigenuity: Reclaiming our Relationship with the Land

8.1.1. Introduction

8.1.2. Reclaiming Our Relationship with the Land

8.1.2.1. Ghost Acres and Climate Change

8.1.2.2. Land and Business

8.1.2.3. Food and Water Security, Peace, and Prosperity

8.1.2.4. Indigenuity

8.1.3. WAF Initiatives Show the Way Forward

8.1.3.1. Rethinking Livestock: Cattle Are Antidesertification Allies

8.1.3.1.1. Case Study: Africa Centre for Holistic Management (WAF, 2014)

8.1.3.2. Rethinking Food Provision: Grow Food Everywhere

8.1.3.2.1. Case Study: Todmorden, the Incredible Edible Initiative (WAF Award Nominee 2010)

8.1.3.3. Rethinking Food Provision: Grow Food in Food Deserts

8.1.3.3.1. Case Study: Growing Power (WAF Award Finalist 2014)

8.1.3.4. Rethinking Water Technology: The Sun as Purifier and Heater

8.1.3.4.1. Case Study: SOLVATTEN—Solar-Powered Water Purification (WAF Award Finalist 2010)

8.1.4. Conclusion: Constructing a New Narrative for Food Security

References

Chapter 8.2: Land Restoration and Community Trust: Keys to Combating Poverty: A Case Study From Rural Maharashtra, India

8.2.1. Introduction

8.2.2. Local Ecosystems and Economic Setting

8.2.3. A Restoration Program in the Western Ghats

8.2.4. Community Participation for Restoration

8.2.5. Opportunities for Building Trust

8.2.6. Conclusions

References

Chapter 8.3: Shifting from Individual to Collective Action: Living Land’s Experience in the Baviaanskloof, South Africa

8.3.1. Land Degradation and Three Disconnects

8.3.2. Ecological Divide

8.3.3. Social Divide

8.3.4. The Disconnect from Self

8.3.5. The Living Lands Experience and Approach

8.3.6. Conclusion

References

Chapter 8.4: Development and Success, for Whom and Where: The Central Anatolian Case

8.4.1. Agricultural Development, Past and Present

8.4.2. What Development Brought to and Took from Central Anatolia

8.4.3. Indigenous Anatolian Agriculture Management

8.4.4. Karapınar Anthroscape Model

8.4.5. Conclusion

References

Chapter 8.5: Sharing Knowledge to Spread Sustainable Land Management (SLM)

References

Part 9: Suggestions for Ways to use this Book

Chapter 9.1: Buffets, Cafes, or Amulticourse Meal: on the Many Possible Ways to use This Book

Part 10: Concluding Remarks and a Way Forward

Chapter 10.1: Concluding Remarks

References

Index

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