Chapter
Citizenship and Statelessness in Sri Lanka
Chapter 1 RAISING QUESTIONS
Chapter 2 COLONIALISM: THE BURDEN OF HISTORY
Colonial Rule and its Unifying Tendencies
The Plantations: Backbone of the Colonial Economy
Land and Labor for the Plantations
Transformation of Pre-existing Social Relations
Emergence of Local-level Political Participation
Chapter 3 1948: DISENFRANCHISEMENT
The Exclusion of a Minority
The Administration of the Acts
The Reaction from the Estate Laborers
The Left vs. the UNP at Independence
The Left-wing Parties: Their Actions
In Support of Kandyan Interests
The Impact of the Citizenship Acts
Loss of Representation: Indian Tamils and the Left-wing Parties
Increased Representation: The Sinhalese
Citizenship: Its Ethnic and Ideological Markers
Citizenship: Denominator of Independent Nationhood
Ceylonese Nationalism or Sinhala Nationalism
Women and Ethnic Processes
The Dynamics of India’s Involvement
Chapter 4 1954: THE AGREEMENT THAT FAILED
Compulsions for the Agreements
Winds of Change: Emerging Political Trends
The Shift in India’s Position
The Failure of the 1954 Agreement
The Representatives of the Estate Laborers
Opposition Parties and the Agreement
Disagreement Between India and Sri Lanka
The Presence of Statelessness
Chapter 5 1964: THE AGREEMENT THAT “SUCCEEDED”
Electoral Imperatives Mediated by Kandyan Interests
The Support of the Left-wing Parties
The Representatives of the Indian Tamils
The Representatives of the Sri Lankan Tamils
Chapter 6 1967: THE START OF THE IMPLEMENTATION
The Impact of Particular Political Alliances
The Agency of the Estate Laborers
India’s Contribution to the Delay
Opposition to the Implementation Act
Case Study: Perummal’s Journey to India
Chapter 7 1970–1977: “SIRIMA TIMES” – PRESSURE TO LEAVE
“We Felt We Were Forced to Go”
Exclusion of Two Minorities
Policies that Resulted in Increased Repatriation
Nationalization of the Estates
“We Remember Only Famine and Starvation”
Another Agreement with India
Response of the Tamil Minorities
Response of the Sri Lankan Tamils
Response of the Hill-country Tamils
Resistance and Identity Formation
The Rehabilitation Schemes
Return to the Ancestral Villages
Attitudes Toward the Repatriates
Impact on Family and Kinship
Chapter 8 1988: THE END OF A SAGA
While Speaking of a “Dharmista” Way of Life
Tamil Militancy: a Threat
The Power of the Estate Laborers
The CWC: At the Right Place at the Right Time
Chapter 1 Raising Questions
Chapter 2 Colonialism the Burden of History
Chapter 3 1948: Disenfranchisement
Chapter 4 1954: The Agreement that Failed
Chapter 5 1964: The Agreement that “Succeeded”
Chapter 6 1967: The Start of the Implementation
Chapter 7 1970–1977: “Sirima Times” – Pressure to Leave
Chapter 8 The End of a Saga
II. Pamphlets and Magazines2
Citizenship and Statelessness in Sri Lanka
：The Case of the Tamil Estate Workers
( 1 )
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