Contents

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Introduction

Part 1 Interpretation of the Two Goats’ Imagery in Early Jewish and Christian Materials

Cain and Abel

Isaac and Ishmael

Jacob and Esau

Joseph

The Angel of the Divine Name and Satan in the Book of Zechariah

Asael in the Book of the Watchers

Barabbas and Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew

Jesus as the Immolated Goat in the Epistle to the Hebrews

Jesus as the Scapegoat and the Immolated Goat in Second- and Third-Century Christian Materials

Part 2 Azazel as an Eschatological Scapegoat in the Apocalypse of Abraham

The Sacerdotal Vision of the Slavonic Apocalypse

The Lot of Azazel

The Crimson Band and the Placement of the Garment of Human Sins on Azazel

The Ritual Maltreatment of the Scapegoat: Azazel’s Accursing

Azazel’s Exile into the Wilderness and the Abyss

Goats to Azazel: The Antagonist as the Recipient of the Scapegoats

Part 3 Abraham as an Eschatological Goat for YHWH in the Apocalypse of Abraham

Abraham as a Sacrificial Offering

The Lot of God and Abraham

Yahoel’s Right Hand

The Garment of Abraham

The Antagonistic Movements of the Goats: Abraham’s Entrance in the Celestial Holy of Holies

Abraham’s Fiery Trials

Abraham as the Purification Offering for the Polluted Sanctuary

Conclusion

Bibliography

Modern Author Index

Subject Index