Chapter

THE MORPHOLOGY OF KOINE GREEK

Copyright

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Problems

1.1.1. Problems of Interpretation

1.1.2. Problems of Text Composition

1.1.3. Problems of Dating

1.1.4. Problems of Authorship

1.2. History of the Study of Language and Style of the Apc.

1.2.1. Antiquity

1.2.2. XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries

1.2.3. XIXth Century

1.2.4. XXth Century

1.2.5. Conclusions

2. TEXTUAL CRITICISM AND LINGUISTICS

2 .1. Introduction

2 .2. Choice of the Manuscript

2.3. Manuscript and Language

2.3.1. Phonology and Morphology

2.3.2. Syntax

2.4. The Choice Made

2.5. The Codex Alexandrinus

2.6. The Method of Quoting

3. ORTHOGRAPHY

3.1. The Sequence : Orthography-Phonology-Morphology-Syntax

3.2. Orthographical Variants in the Codex Alexandrinus (Apc.)

3.2.1. Unconditioned Variants

3.2.1.1. ε~αι

3.2.1.2. ει~ι

3.2.1.3. ει~η, ι~η

3.2.1.4. o~ω

3.2.1.5. υ~ι

3.2.1.6. υ~oυ

3.2.1.7. Spiritus Asper

3.2.1.8. θ, φ, χ

3.2.1.9. Ny Ephelkystikon and Sigma Mobile

3.2.1.10. Iota Adscript

3.2.1.11. ξ~στ/σθ?

3.2.1.12. π~β

3.2.1.13. Geminates

3.2.2. Conditioned Variants

3.2.2.1 υ~μ~γ

3.2.2 .2. x~γ

3.2.2.3. ε~α

3.2.2.4. ω~εω

3.2.2.5. α~o

3.2.2.6. ω~oυ

3.2.2.7. ε~η

3.2.2 .8. Addition of -v

3.3. Variants occurring in Egyptian Papyri c. 400 A.D. but absent from Apc.-A

3.3.1. η~ι

3.3.2. υ~oι

3.3.3. o/ω~oυ

3.3.4. σ~ζ

3.3.5. αυ~αoυ etc

3.3.6. Loss of Final -v

3.4. The original Orthography of the Apocalypse

3.4.1. Introduction

3.4.2. Place and Date of Composition: Non-Linguistic Evidence

3.4.3. Place and Date of the Orthographical Variants in Apc.-A

3.4.4. Conclusions

3.5. Accentuation

3.5.1. Introduction

3.5.2. Acute and Circumflex Marks

3.5.3. Grave Mark

3.5.4. Conclusions

3.5.5. Excursus on Sentence Intonation

3.6. Interpunction of the Codex Alexandrinus (Apc.)

4. PHONOLOGY

4.1. Consonants: Introduction

4.1.1. Distribution of Consonants : Medial Position

4.1.2. Remarks. Consonants in Medial Position

4.1.3. Distribution of Consonants: Initial Position

4.1.4. Remarks. Consonants in Initial Position

4.1.5. Distribution of Consonants : Final Position

4.1.6. Remarks. Consonants in Final Position

4.1.7. Consonant Clusters at Junctures in Compounds

4.1.8. Distribution and Variants

4.1.8.1. Compl. Distribution of Labial Explosives

4.1.8.2. Compl. Distribution of Velar Explosives

4.1.8.3. Compl. Distribution of Dental Explosives

4.1.8.4. Complementary Distribution of Nasals

4.1.8.5. Complementary Distribution of [j] and [w]

4.1.9. System of Consonant Phonemes

4.2. Vowels

4.2.1. Distribution of the Vowel Sounds

4.2.2. Vowel Phonemes

4.3. Restrictions to the Combination of Cons. and Vowels

4.4. Distribution of the Accent

4.5. Unusual Distribution of Phonemes in Words in the Apc.

5. MORPHOLOGY-INTRODUCTION

5.1. Form and Meaning

5.2. Form and Valence

5.2.1. Syntactical Valence

5.2.2. Morphological Valence

5.3. Morphonological Form Differences

5.4. The Description of Systematic Form Differences

5.5. The Description of Categorial Values

5.6. Productivity

5.7. Morphological Valence

5.8. The Morphology of the Language used in the Apc.

6. THE SUBSTANTIVE SYSTEM

6.1. Introduction and Preliminary Survey

6.2. Categorial Values

6.2.1. Values of Number. Traditional Distinctions

6.2.1.1. Ordinary Singular and Plural

6.2.1.2. Generic Singular and Plural

6.2.1.3. Collective Singular and Plural

6.2.1.4. Distributive Singular

6.2.1.5. Poetical Plural

6.2.1.6. Singularia and Pluralia Tantum

6.2.1.7. Conclusions

6.2.2. Values of Diminutives and Non-Diminutives

6.2.3. Categorial Values of Vocative, Nominative and Oblique Cases

6.2.4. Syntactical Valence of the Case Categories

6.2.4.1 General Remarks

6.2.4.2 Use of the Nominative in the Apc.

6.2.4.2.1. Appositional Use

6.2.4.2.2. Anomalies

6.2.4.3. Use of the Oblique Cases in the Apc.

6.2.4.4. Peculiarities of the Genitives in the Apc.

6.2.4.4.1. Partitive Genitive

6.2.4.4.2. Genitive of Article plus Infinitive

6.2.4.4.3. "Hebrew Genitive"

6.2.4.4.4. Confusion with other Cases?

6.2.4.5. Peculiarities of the Dative in the Apc.

6.2.4.5.1. Proleptic Dative

6.2.4.5.2. Anomalies

6.2.4.6. Peculiarities of the Accusative in the Apc.

6.2.4.6.1. Paronomastic Accusative of Content

6.2.4.6.2. Accusative of Time

6.2.4.6.3. Anomalies

6.2.4.7. Use of Cases with Prepositions in the Apc.

6.3. Forms

6.3.1. Forms of the Case-Number Categories

A. Productive Categories

6.3.1.1. dat. pl. -oιζ

6.3.1.1.1. Type ἄγγελος

6.3.1.1.2. Type δpέπαvov

6.3.1.2. dat. pl. -αις

6.3.1.2 .1. Type πoλίτης-νεανίας

6.3.1.2.2. Type ψάλτρια-χάλαξα-νίπη

6.3.1.3. dat. pl. -σιυ

6.3.1.3.1. basis ending in consonant

6.3.1.3.1.1. Type φύλαξ-ῥήτωρ-γύψ

6.3.1.3.1.2. Type δόμα

6.3.1.3.2. basis ending in vowel

6.3.1.3.2.1. Type γένεσις

B. Unproductive Categories:

6.3.1.3.3. basis ending in consonant

6.3.1.3.3.1. Modification of Medial Vowel

6.3.1.3.3.2. Modification of Final Cons. of Basis

6.3.1.3.4. basis ending in vowel

6.3.1.3.4.1. Type πίτυς

6.3.1.3.4.2. Type πηχυς

6.3.1.3.4.3. Type τειχος

6.3.1.3.5. basis ending in consonant or vowel

6.3.1.3.5.1. Type βασιλεύς

6.3.1.3.5.2. Type ἔρις, ἔριδος

6.3.2. Forms of the Diminutive Categories

6.3.2.1. Introduction

A. Productive Categories:

6.3.2.2. Type a) -ίov -b) -ιov -c) -διον

6.3.2.3. Type -ίδιον

6.3.2.4. Type -άριον

B. Unproductive Categories:

6.3.2.5. Type a) -ίσϞος -b) -σϞος

6.3.2.6. Types -άχιον, -άσιον, -άφιον; -ύδιον, -ύδριον, -ύλλιον, -ύφιον

6.4. Productivity

6.4.1. Productivity of the Form Classes of the Case-Number Categories

6.4.2. Productivity of the Form Classes of the Diminutive Category

6.5. Morphological Valence of the Substantive

6.5.1. Gender

6.5.2. Double Diminutives

6.5.3. Substantive Adverbs

6.6. Further Peculiarities of the Subst. System in the Apc

7. THE ADJECTIVE SYSTEM

7.1. Introduction and Survey of the System

7.2. Categorial Values of the Adjective System

7.2.1. Values of the Case and Number Categories

7.2.2. Values of Gender

7.2.2.1. Independent Adjectives

7.2.2.2. Dependent Adjectives

7.2.3. Syntactical Valence of the Adjective Adverb

7.2.4. Values of the Categories of Comparison

7.3. Forms of the Adjective Categories

7.3.1. Survey

7.3.2. Remarks. Case-Number Categories

7.3.3. Remarks. Categories of Gender

7.3.4. Remarks. Adjective Adverbs

7.3.5. Remarks. Comparative and Superlative

7.4. Productivity

7.5. Morphological Valence

7.6. Peculiarities in the Apc

7.6.1. Use of the Adjective System

7.6.2. Concord

8. PROPER NAMES

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Names of Non-Persons

8.3. Names of Persons

8.3.1. Introduction and Survey

8.3.2. Value and Valence

8.3.3. Forms of the Personal Names

8.3.3.1. Type 'Aρτεμας

8.3.3.2. Type 'Iωάννης

8.3.3.3. Type 'Hραχλης

8.3.3.4. Type 'Aρτεμώ

8.3.4. Productivity and Morphological Valence

8.3.4.1. Implicit Transpositions

8.3.4.2. Explicit Transpositions and Derivations

8.4. Ethnic Names

8.4.1. Ethnic Substantives

8.4.2. Ethnic Adjectives

9. PRONOUNS

9.1. Introduction and Preliminary Survey

9.2. Personal Pronouns

9.2.1. Survey

9.2.2. Values of Pronouns indicating Participants

9.2.2.1. Addresser vs. Addressee

9.2.2.2. Exclusive vs. Non-Exclusive

9.2.2.3. Emphatic vs. Unemphatic

9.2.3. Peculiarities in the Apc.

9.3 Reflexive Pronouns

9.3.1. Declension

9.3.2. Reflexive Value

9.3.3. Oppositions to the Personal Pronouns

9.4. Possessive Adjectives

9.4.1. Declension

9.4.2. Values and Meaning

9.4.3. Peculiarities in the Apc.

9.5. Personal Pronouns Indicating Non-Participants

9.5.1. Introductory Remarks

9.5.2. Opposition αντός υs. εγώ, σύ

9.5.3. Opposition of Emphasis

9.5.4. Aυτός "self"

9.5.5. Peculiarities in the Apc.

9.5.6. 'O αυτός "the same"

9.5.7. Peculiarities in the Apc.

9.5.8. Opposition of Number

9.5.9. Opposition of Gender

9.5.10. Correlative Adverbs and Further Peculiarities

9.6. Distinguishing Pronouns : αλλος and ετερος

9.6.1. Declension, Values and Meaning

9.6.2. Correlative Adverbs and Adjectives

9.7. Relative Pronouns

9.7.1. Declension

9.7.2. Values and Meaning

9.7.2.1. Differences in Meaning between δς and δστις

9.7.2.2. The Deictic Meaning of the Relative Pronouns

9.7.2.3. Subdivision of Uses

9.7.2.3.1. No Concord

9.7.2.3.2. Concord of One Category

9.7.2.3.3. Concord of Two Categories

9.7.2.3.4. Concord of Three Categories

9.7.2.3.5. Absence of Antecedent

9.7.3. Peculiarities in the Apc.

9.7.4. Correlative Adverbs and Adjectives of δς

9.7.5. Correlative Adverbs and Adjectives of δστις

9.8. Demonstrative Pronouns

9.8.1. Declension

9.8.2. Values

9.8.3. Peculiarities in the Apc.

9.8.4. Correlative Adverbs and Adjectives

9.9. Indefinite Pronouns

9.9.1. Declension

9.9.2. Values and Meaning

9.9.3. Peculiarities in the Apc

9.9.4. Correlative Adverbs and Adjectives

9.10. Interrogative Pronouns

9.10.1 Declension

9.10.2 Values and Meaning

9.10.3 Correlative Adverbs and Adjectives

9.11. The Definite Article

9.11.1 Declension

9.11.2 Values

9.11.3. Meaning

9.11.4. The Substantivizing Article

9.11.4.1. Neuter Article with Infinitive

9.11.4.2. Substantivized Word Groups and Sentences

9.11.5. Use of the Article in the Apc.

9.11.5.1. Regular Absence

9.11.5.2. Incidental Absence

9.11.5.3. Use of the Article with Proper Names in the Apc.

9.11.5.3.1. With Personal Names

9.11.5.3.2. With Geographical Names

9.11.5.3.3. With Ethnic Names

9.11.5.3.4. With Incomplete Transpositions to the Class of Proper Names

9.11.6. Oppositions between Indefinite Pronoun, Interrogative Pronoun, Definite Article, and 3rd Person Pronoun

9.12. The System of the Correlative Adverbs and Adjectives

9.12.1. Introduction

9.12.2. Correlative Adverbs

9.12.2.1. Forms

9.12.2.2. Values

9.12.2.3. Productivity

9.12.2.4. Further Deictic Adverbs

9.12.2.5. Survey

9.12.3. Correlative Adjectives

9.12.4. Survey of the Pronouns whieh have Correlated Adverbs and Adjectives

10. THE NUMERAL SYSTEM

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Oppositions and Division

10.3 Forms

10.3.1. Non-Compounds

10.3.1.1. Taking Part in Categories of Decads and Hundreds

10.3.1.2. Not Taking Part in Categories of Decads and Hundreds

10.3.2. Compounds and Word Groups

10.3.2.1. Multiplicative Compounds

10.3.2.2. Additive Compounds

10.3.2.3. Additive Compounds or Word Groups

10.3.2.3.1. Cardinal plus Cardinal

10.3.2.3.2. Cardinal plus Ordinal

10.3.2.3.3. Ordinal plus Ordinal

10.3.2.3.4. Cardinal plus -πλασίων-Word

10.3.2.3.5. Cardinal plus -'иις-Word

10.4. Values

10.4.1. Value of Cardinals

10.4.2. Value of Ordinals

10.4.3. Valu es of Words in -πλους and -πλασίων

10.4.4. Value of Words in -иις

10.4.5. Value of Words in -χως, -χου, -χόθεν, -χη

10.4.6. Value of the Reduplicative Category

10.5. Productivity

10.6. Remaining Oppositions

10.6.1. Categories of Case and Gender

10.6.2. Categories of Case, Number and Gender

10.6.3. Transpositions

10.6.3.1. Cardinals to the Substantive System

10.6.3.2. Cardinals to the Verb System

10.6.3.3. Ordinals to the Adjective System

10.6.3.4. Ordinals to the Verb System

10.7. Peculiarities in the Apc.

10.7.1. Thousands

10.7.2. Gender

11. THE VERB SYSTEM

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Categorial Values

11.2.1. Values of the Categories of Person and Voice

11.2.1.1. Values of Person

11.2.1.1.1. 1st and 2nd p. pl

11.2.1.1.2. 3rd p. pl

11.2.1.1.3. Indefinite Aspect

11.2.1.1.4. Impersonal Verbs

11.2.1.1.5. Mutual Oppositions of the Personal Categories

11.2.1.2. Values of Voice

11.2.1.2.1. Active, Middle, Passive

11.2.1.2.2. Deponents

11.2.1.2.3. New Testament Usage

11.2.1.2.4. Oppositions

11.2.1.2.5. Passive Aorist and Future

11.2.2. Values of the Categories of Mood

11.2.2.1. Introduction

11.2.2.2. Value of the Indicative Mood

11.2.2.3. Value of the Optative Mood

11.2.2.3.1. Survey of the Occurrence in the N.T

11.2.2.3.2. Value of the Optative

11.2.2.4. Value of the Subjunctive Mood

11.2.2.5. Value of the Imperative Mood

11.2.2.6. Value of the Infinitive Mood

11.2.2.7. Value of the Participle

11.2.2.8. Oppositions between the Different Moods

11.2.2.9. Opposition between the Non-Past and the Past Indicatives

11.2.2.9.1. Non-Past or Present Indicative

11.2.2.9.2. Past Indicative in Unreal Conditions

11.2.2.9.3. Value of Past Time

11.2.2.9.3.1. Absolute Past

11.2.2.9.3.2. Relative Past

11.2.2.9.4. Opposition Non-Past vs. Past Indicative

11.2.2.9.5. Opposition to the Future Indicative

11.2.2.9.6. Excursus on Seiler's Theory

11.2.3. Values of the Different Subsystems

11.2.3.1. Introduction and Survey

11.2.3.2. Non-Perfective vs. Perfective Categories

11.2.3.2.1. Introduction

11.2.3.2.2. Non-Perfective Value

11.2.3.2.3. Perfective Value

11.2.3.3. Oppositions between the Non-Perfective Subsystems

11.2.3.3.1. Introduction

11.2.3.3.2. Value of the Durative Category

11.2.3.3.2.1. Cursive Durative

11.2.3.3.2.2. Iterative-Customary-General Durative

11.2.3.3.2.3. Relations with the Non-Perfective Value

11.2.3.3.2.4. Seiler's Theory

11.2.3.3.3. Value of the Aoristic Category

11.2.3.3.4. The Opposition Durative-Aoristic in the Imperative and Subjunctive

11.2.3.3.5. The Opposition Durative-Aoristic in the Participle

11.2.3.3.6. Value of the Futural Category

11.2.3.3.7. The Position of the Present Indicative

11.2.3.4. Oppositions between the Different Perfective Subsystems

11.3 Description of the Forms of the Verb System

11.3.1. Introduction

11.3.2. Chart I: Type 1. παιδεύω (Productive). facing

11.3.3. Remarks on Chart I

11.3.4. Chart II: Types 2. νιиω, 3. φιλω, 4. δουλω. (Productive) .......... facing

11.3.5. Remarks on Chart II

11.3.6. Types 5. λαμβάνω-έλαβον, 6. βαίνω-έβην, 7. άиούω-άиηиοα (Unproductive).

11.3.7. Chart III: Type 8. τίθημι (Unproductive) facing

11.3.8. Remarks on Chart III

11.3.9. Forms of the Category of Past Time

11.3.10. Forms of the Categories of Mood

11.3.11. Productive Formation of Non-Perf. Bases

11.3.12. Productive Formation of the Perfective Basis

11.3.12.1. Introduction

11.3.12.2. The Formation of the Perfective Prefix (P)

11.3.12.3. The Formation of the Perfective Suffix (S)

11.3.12.4. The Formation of the Medio-Passive Perfectives

11.3.13. Unproductive Formation of Bases

11.3.14. Peculiarities

11.4. Productivity

11.5. Morphological Valence

11.6. Periphrastic Constructions

11.6.1. Replacing Former Word Categories

11.6.2. Competing with Obsolete Word Categories

11.6.3. By the side of Current Categories

11.6.4. Without Exact Equivalents

11.6.4.1. Durative Present Indicative

11.6.4.2. Durative Future Indicative

11.6.4.3. Past Futural Indicative

11.6.4.4. Future Subjunctive

11.6.4.5. Durative Future Participle

11.6.4.6. Durative Future Infinitive

11.6.4.7. Perfect Subjunctive

11.6.5. Final Survey

12. THE USE OF THE VERB IN THE APOCALYPSE

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Statistics

12.3. Discussion of the Statistics

12.3.1. Voice

12.3.1.1. Bilingualism

12.3.1.2. Contemporary Hebrew

12.3.1.3. Contemporary Aramaic

12.3.1.4. The Mishnaic-Heb. and Aram. Voice System

12.3.1.5. The Semitic Subsystems

12.3.2. The Use of Moods compared with the M-H. and Ar. Mood System

12.3.2.1. Greek Moods without Semitic Parallels

12.3.2.2. Semitic Moods without Greek Parallels

12.3.2.3. The Use of the Participle

12.3.2.3.1. Participle used as Finite Verb

12.3.2.3.2. Ptc. and Verb. Fin. Coordinated

12.3.2.4. The Semitic Verb with Pronominal Suffixes

12.3.3. The Use of the Durative, Aoristic, Futural, and Perfective Categories

12.3.3.1. Introduction

12.3.3.2. The Present Indicative

12.3.3.2.1. General Present

12.3.3.2.2. Present Used in Addressing the Reader

12.3.3.2.3. Present in Explanatory Remarks

12.3.3.2.4. Present in Reported Speech

12.3.3.2.5. Historical Present

12.3.3.2.6. Futural Present

12.3.3.2.7. Modal Present

12.3.3.3. Use of the Imperfect

12.3.3.4. Use of the Aorist Indicative

12.3.3.5. Durative and Aoristic Subjunctives, Imperatives and Infinitives

12.3.3.6. Use of the Futural Category

12.3.3.7. Excursus on Apc. IV 9-11

12.3.3.8. Use of Perfective Categories

12.3.3.9. Conclusions

13. FINAL REMARKS

13.1. Problems of Interpretation

13.2. Problems of Text Composition

13.3. Problems of Date and Place

13.4. Problems of Authorship

13.5. Bilingualism

14. INDEXES

14.1. Index of Passages Quoted

14.1.1 New Testament and Related Literature

14.1.2 Old Testament and Related Literature

14.1.3 Classical and Patristic Literature

14.1.4 Greek and Latin Inscriptions

14.1.5 Greek Papyri and Ostraca

14.1.6 Byzantine Literature

14.2. Index of Words Discussed

14.2.1 Greek Words

14.2.2 Hebrew and Aramaic Words

14.2.3 Latin Words

14.2.4 Other Languages

14.3. General Index (Persons and Subjects)

14.4. Errors and Additions