TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORUM: THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS

CHRISTIAN TIETJE: The International Financial Architecture as a Legal Order

I. Introduction

II. From 1929 to 2009: The Development of the International Systems of Finance, Currency and Sovereign Debts

A. Early Roots

1. Currency System

2. Sovereign Debts

3. Financial Markets

B. The Intellectual Background of Bretton Woods: Keynes and White

C. Bretton Woods and the International Economic System

D. The (Re-)Invention of the System: 1970 until 2007

1. First Steps

2. New International Financial Architecture I (NIFA I)

III. Today’s International Financial Architecture (New International Financial Architecture II?)

A. Modification and Improvement of NIFA I

B. Enlargement of Membership in International Financial Institutions

C. G20

IV. Elements of an International Financial Order

A. The ‘Order’ of International Finance

B. Substantive Elements

1. International Financial Stability and Domestic Embeddedness of Financial Market Instruments

2. Integrating Macro and Micro Prudential Regulation and Supervision

3. Constitutional Perspective: Articles 1 (3), 55 and 56 UN Charter

C. Element of the Institutional Structure of the International Financial Order

1. Integration of Real Economy, Financial Markets and Sovereign Debts

2. Coordination and Cooperation

3. Gubernative

V. Outlook

CHRISTOPH OHLER: The European Stability Mechanism: The Long Road to Financial Stability in the Euro Area

I. The Debt Crisis in the Euro Area

A. Political and Economic Background

B. Legal Uncertainties of a Debt Restructuring

1. Lack of Stable and Predictable Rules

2. Risks of Voluntary Arrangements

C. Illiquid and Insolvent Countries

II. The Predecessor: The EFSF

III. The ESM as an International Institution under European Law

IV. Tasks of the ESM

A. Financial Stability as a General Interest

B. Meaning of Financial Stability

V. Powers of the ESM

A. Borrowing by the ESM

B. Lending by the ESM

C. Primary and Secondary Market Operations

D. Debt Sustainability and Conditionality

E. Private Sector Involvement and Collective Action Clauses

1. Conditions

2. Collective Action Clauses

3. Left-Overs

F. Liability of ESM Members

VI. Institutional Design

VII. Control of the ESM

VIII. Outlook

FOCUS: THE ARCTIC CHALLENGE

KRISTIN BARTENSTEIN: Navigating the Arctic: The Canadian NORDREG, the International Polar Code and Regional Cooperation

I. Introduction

II. NORDREG’s Setting: The International and Canadian Framework and the Current Controversy

A. The General Legal Situation of Arctic Navigation

B. Canada’s Legislation on Arctic Navigation

C. The Controversy over NORDREG within the IMO

III. Canada’s Justification of NORDREG and its Merits

A. The General Legal Framework of Ship Reporting Systems and Vessel Traffic Services

B. NORDREG and Article 234

C. Recognition: Articulating Article 234 and Chapter V SOLAS

IV. Future Prospects

A. Shortcomings of Initiatives such as NORDREG

B. The Future Polar Code

C. The Governance Approach to the Legal Protection of the Marine Arctic

V. Conclusion

JONAS ATTENHOFER: Navigating Along Precedence: How Arctic Sovereignty Melts with the Ice

I. Introduction

II. The Law and Procedure Applicable to Arctic Coastal Waters

A. UNCLOS and General International Law

B. The International Aspect of Delimitation

III. The Territorial Status of the Northern Sea Lanes and the Applicable Navigational Regimes

A. Internal Waters

1. Application and Scope

a) Straight Baselines

b) ‘A Fringe of Islands Along the Coast in Its Immediate Vicinity’

c) The Concept of Historic Internal Waters

d) No Cutting-Off from the High Seas

2. Passage at Discretion of Coastal State, Subject to an Exception

B. Territorial Seas Around the Relevant Islands

1. Application and Scope

2. The Principle of Non-Encroachment

3. Innocent Passage

C. Archipelagic Status

1. Application and Scope

2. Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage

D. Straits Used for International Navigation

1. Application and Scope

2. Transit Passage, Subject to an Exception

E. Exclusive Economic Zone

1. Application and Scope

2. The Impact of Ice onto Territorial Claims

3. Freedom of Navigation

IV. Conclusion

NELE MATZ-LÜCK: Continental Shelf Delimitation and Delineation in the Arctic: Current Developments

I. Introduction

II. The Delineation and Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in International Law

A. The Distinction Between Delineation and Delimitation

B. Legal Principles of Maritime Zone Delimitation

C. The Legal Regime of the Continental Shelf

III. Continental Shelf Delineation and Delimitation in the Arctic

A. Relevant Issues

B. Continental Shelf Delimitation between Neighbouring Arctic States

1. Equidistance

2. Meridians as a Relevant Factor for Delimitation

3. Other Considerations

4. Open Delimitation Issues

a) The Boundary in the Beaufort Sea

b) The Maritime Boundary between Canada and Denmark/Greenland

5. An ‘Arctic Approach’ to Delimitation?

C. The Outer Limits of Extended Arctic Continental Shelves

1. The Russian Submission

2. The Norwegian Submission

3. Potential Claims by the US

IV. The Future

RICHARD BARNES: International Regulation of Fisheries Management in Arctic Waters

I. Introduction

II. Background

A. The Arctic Marine Area

B. Arctic Governance

C. Arctic Fisheries

III. Legal Framework

A. Global Instruments

1. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

2. The Fish Stocks Agreement

3. The FAO Compliance Agreement

4. Agreement on Port State Measures to Control IUU Fishing

5. Non-Legally-Binding Instruments

B. Regional Instruments

1. NAFO

2. The North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)

3. International Commission on the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)

4. North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO)

5. The North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC)

6. Western and Central Pacific Ocean Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)

7. Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea (CCBSP)

C. Bilateral Arrangements

IV. Issues

V. Concluding Remarks

NIGEL BANKES: Indigenous Land and Resource Rights in the Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Comparisons with the Draft Nordic Saami Convention

I. Introduction

II. Background and Overview of the Draft Convention

III. Lands and Resources Jurisprudence of the IACtHR

A. Proposition 1: Identity of the Rights Bearers

B. Proposition 2: Property Held Communally in Accordance with Indigenous Norms

C. Proposition 3: Recognising an Indigenous Conceptualisation of Property

D. Proposition 4: Clarification of the Geographical Scope of Indigenous Lands

E. Proposition 5: Recognition of Title

F. Proposition 6: Legal Remedies

G. Proposition 7: Moratorium on Resource Activities Pending Titling

H. Proposition 8: Review of Existing Third Party Resource Rights

I. Proposition 9: Effective Participation in Decisions that Affect Traditional Lands

J. Proposition 10: Traditional Territory and the Right to Life and Humane Treatment

K. Proposition 11: Protection of Resources

L. Proposition 12: Qualifying Indigenous Property Rights

M. Proposition 13: Procedural Safeguards

N. Proposition 14: Restitution of Traditional Lands

O. Proposition 15: Prerequisite for a Restitution Claim

P. Proposition 16: Timely Resolution

Q. Proposition 17: Restitution of Lands Held by Third Parties

R. Proposition 18: Provision of Alternative Land

S. Conclusions

IV. Analysis of the Land and Water Provisions of the Draft Nordic Saami Convention in Light of the Jurisprudence of the IACtHR

A. The Preamble

B. Self Determination: The Resource Dimension

C. Saami Legal Customs

D. Chapter IV

1. Article 34: Traditional Use of Land and Water

2. Article 35: Protection of Saami Rights to Land and Water

3. Article 36: Utilisation of Natural Resources and Article 37: Compensation and Share of Profits

a) Ownership and Use Rights

b) Compensation Rights

c) Procedural Rights

(1) The Affected Saami

(2) The Saami Parliaments

d) Observations

4. Articles 39 and 40: Co-Determination with Respect to Land and Resource Management and Environmental Protection and Management

V. General Conclusions

DAVID L. VANDERZWAAG: The Arctic Council at 15 Years: Edging Forward in a Sea of Governance Challenges

I. Introduction

II. Edging Forward

A. Arctic Council Working Groups

1. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)

2. Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP)

3. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)

4. Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response (EPPR)

5. Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME)

6. Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG)

B. Arctic Council Ministerial Meetings

III. Sea of Challenges

A. Fully Implementing Existing Commitments and Recommendations

1. Getting Full Ratification of International Agreements

2. Following Through with AMSA Recommendations

3. Putting the Ecosystem Approach into Practice

B. Completing the Arctic Council’s Restructuring

C. Addressing Future Ocean Governance of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction in the Arctic

D. Strengthening the ‘Arctic Voice’ in International Fora

IV. Conclusion

TIM STEPHENS: The Arctic and Antarctic Regimes and the Limits of Polar Comparativism

I. Introduction

II. The Antarctic Regime

A. Governance

B. Sovereignty

C. Resource Development

1. Living Resources

2. Non-Living Resources

D. Environmental Protection

E. Shipping

III. The Arctic Regime

A. Governance

B. Sovereignty

C. Resource Development

1. Living Resources

2. Non-Living Resources

D. Environmental Protection and Scientific Research

E. Shipping

IV. The Limits of Polar Comparativism

V. Conclusion

AÐALHEIÐUR JÓHANNSDÓTTIR: The European Union and the Arctic: Could Iceland’s Accession to the EU Change the EU’s Influence in the Arctic?

I. Introduction

II. Background

A. The Arctic Region, Arctic States and Natural Resources

B. Arctic Coastal States – International and Regional Governance

III. International Regimes

A. Global and Regional Regimes of Importance

B. The Importance of Vertical Implementation

C. New International Regime?

D. Concluding Remarks

IV. Iceland, Arctic-Related Issuesand the EEA Agreement

A. Geographical Situation and Natural Resources

B. Iceland’s Arctic Policy

C. European Economic Area – The EEA Agreement

D. Iceland’s Accession to the EU

E. General Fisheries Policy

F. Concluding Remarks

V. The European Union and the Arctic – Some Aspects

A. Arctic Policies

B. Territorial Scope of EU Law and Governance

C. International Responsibility and Competence

1. The EU as an International Actor – International Agreements

2. The EU’s Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)

D. Concluding Remarks

VI. Some Final Conclusions

GENERAL ARTICLES

EMMANUEL VOYIAKIS: International Law, Interpretative Fidelity and the Hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer

I. Introduction

II. The Interplay of the Two Ideas in International Legal Interpretation: Some Illustrations

III. Making Theoretical Sense of the Two Ideas: Positivism and Critical Theory

A. Critical Legal Theory and Fidelity as an Illusion

B. Positivism and the Semantics of Retrieval

C. Drawing the Threads Together

IV. “We Understand Differently, If We Understand At All”: Hans-Georg Gadamer on Interpretation

A. The Phenomenology of Interpretation: Tradition and the Hermeneutic Circle

B. Interpretative Prejudice and Truth

V. Conclusion

BJØRN KUNOY: Conservation and Management of Shared Fish Stocks and the Applicable International Trade Regime

I. Introduction

II. Sovereign and Exclusive Rights

A. The Ambit of Sovereign and Exclusive Rights

1. Property Rights

2. Interrelations between UNCLOS and the Fish Stocks Agreement

B. An Obligation of Conduct

1. The Scope of the Obligation

2. Lessons from the Advisory Opinion of ITLOS?

C. Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fisheries?

1. Authorised Fisheries Within National Jurisdiction Beyond the Scope of IUU

2. Breach of Obligations of Conduct

D. Conclusion

III. The International Trade Regime

A. General Prohibitions of Restrictive Measures

B. Subparagraph (g) of Article XX GATT

1. No Ratione Loci Limitations

2. A Measure which ‘relates to’

3. Restrictions on Domestic Producers

4. Fulfilling the Criteria to Trade Measures – Where No Agreement Exists

5. Comparisons with the Recent Proposal of the European Commission

C. The Chapeau

1. The Three Inter-Related Criteria Within Article XX GATT

2. Proposal for Regulation in Light of the Chapeau

3. Jurisdictional Limitations and the Objectivity of the Criteria

IV. Conclusion

ROSEMARY RAYFUSE: Differentiating the Common? The Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Deep Seabed Mining Activities in the Area

I. Introduction

II. Seabed Minerals and Their Exploitation

III. The Legal Regime Governing Activities in the Area

IV. The Request for an Advisory Opinion

V. The Advisory Opinion

A. The Legal Responsibilities and Obligations of Sponsoring States

B. The Extent of State Liability for Failure by Sponsored Entity to Comply with its Obligations

C. The Necessary and Appropriate Measures to be Taken by Sponsoring States

VI. Conclusion

RALF MÜLLER-TERPITZ: Genetic Testing of Embryos in vitro – Legal Considerations with Regard to the Status of Early Human Embryos in European Law

I. Introduction

II. Technique of Embryo Screening Prior to Implantation

III. Legal Developments under German Law

IV. Legal Status of the Early Human Embryo in European Human Rights Law

A. Introduction

B. Protection of Early Human Embryos at European Level

1. Biomedicine Convention

a) Introductory Remarks

b) Provisions Related to the Issue of PGD

2. European Convention on Human Rights

V. Legal Status of the Early Human Embryo in EU Law

A. Legislative Competences of the European Union with Regard to the Issue of Reproductive Medicine

B. Fundamental Rights as Limitation on EU Legislation

C. Freedom to Provide Services as Limitation on National Legislation

VI. Conclusion

KASEY L. MCCALL-SMITH: Reservations and the Determinative Function of the Human Rights Treaty Bodies

I. Introduction

II. Applying the Vienna Convention Rules to Reservations

A. Objections to Reservations to Human Rights Treaties

B. VCLT Silence on Treaty Bodies

III. The Treaty Bodies

IV. Analysis of Evolving Practice

A. Early Treaty Body Approaches to Reservations

B. General Comment 24 and its Progeny

C. Collective Treaty Body Efforts to Address Reservations

D. Harmonized Guidelines

V. State Acquiescence

VI. ILC Support

A. Determining Validity

B. The Legal Effect of Invalid Reservations

VII. Conclusion

CHRISTOPH J. SCHEWE AND AZAR ALIYEV: The Customs Union and the Common Economic Space of the Eurasian Economic Community: Eurasian Counterpart to the EU or Russian Domination?

I. Introduction

II. History of the EurAsEC

III. Structure, Organisation and Decision Making Process

A. Structure of the EurAsEC

1. Interstate Council

2. The EurAsEC Integration Committee

3. The Interparliamentary Assembly

B. Particularities of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space of the EurAsEC

1. The Interstate Council and the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space of the EurAsEC

2. The Commission of the Customs Union of the EurAsEC and the Eurasian Economic Commission

a) The Commission under the 2007 Treaty

b) The Eurasian Economic Commission

c) The Board of the Commission

d) The Council of the Commission

e) Voting Rules Under the Treaty on Commission 2011

f) Observations on the Reform – A Shift Towards Independency and Supranationality?

IV. The Law of the EurAsEC – A Vehicle for Integration?

A. Substantive Law of the EurAsEC Customs Union and the Common Economic Space

1. Substantive Law as Envisaged by the Customs Union

2. The State of Substantive Law as Envisaged by the Common Economic Space

3. The Supranationality of the CU and CES: Substantive Law and Its Direct Application

B. The Court of the EurAsEC

1. History

2. Composition

C. Jurisdiction of the Court

1. Action for Failure to Fulfil an Obligation

2. Claims by Business Entities

3. Preliminary Ruling Procedure

V. Conclusion

GERMAN PRACTICE

SUSANNE WASUM-RAINER AND CHRISTOPHE EICK: The UN Security Council and International Law in 2011

I. Introduction

II. Sanctions and ‘Clear and Fair Procedures’

A. Targeted Sanctions

B. Fair and Clear Procedures

III. International Humanitarian Law: Protection of Children in Armed Conflict

IV. Admission of New Members: South Sudan and the Application of Palestine

A. South Sudan

B. Palestine

V. Operationalising the Doctrine of the Responsibility to Protect

A. Libya

B. Consequences and Outlook for the Future

PETER WITTIG: Climate Change and International Peace and Security: The Open Debate in the United Nations Security Councilon 20 July 2011

I. Introduction

II. Climate Change – A Key Challenge for Mankind and a Case for the United Nations Security Council

A. Background

B. The Security Council Debate in 2007: The First Step in Bringing Climate Change to the Attention of the Council

C. The Decision to Hold a New Debate in 2011

III. The Open Debate on 20 July 2011

A. Preparing for the Debate

B. Main Elements of the Open Debate

IV. The Negotiations on the Outcome Document

V. Conclusion

THOMAS GIEGERICH: The Federal Constitutional Court’s Deference to and Boost for Parliament in Euro Crisis Management

JAN OLIVA: Legal Persons from EU Member States and their Entitlement to Fundamental Rights under the German Basic Law

BJÖRN ELBERLING: German Practice Regarding Enforcement of Sentences Passed by International Criminal Courts and Tribunals

PATRICK KROKER: Universal Jurisdiction in Germany: The Trial of Onesphore R. Before the Higher Regional Court of Frankfurt

I. Why a Trial in Germany?

A. Jurisdiction

B. Onesphore R. in Germany

C. Extradition Request by Rwanda

1. Recent Decisions on Extradition Requests

a) The ICTR Uwinkindi Decision

b) The Ahorugeze Decision by the ECtHR

2. Assessment

D. Investigations by the German Federal Criminal Police Office in Rwanda

II. The Trial in Frankfurt

A. Video Testimony

1. Requirements

2. Realisation

B. Prevalence of Witness Testimony

1. Negative Influences

2. Wilful Perjury

3. Assessment of the Credibility of Witness Evidence

III. Conclusion

TOBIAS THIENEL: Torture Abroad, Consular Assistance and the Admissibility of Evidence

OLIVER DAUM: Juridical Virgin Soil and the Well-fortified Democracy – The Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution under International Legal Scrutiny

FELIX MACHTS: Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions – Patentability of Extraction of Precursor Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (ECJ)

PATRICK BRAASCH: The European Convention on Human Rights’ Limitations in the Dismissal of Non-clergy Church Employees

SARA JÖTTEN AND JULE SIEGFRIED: The German Strike Ban for Public Officials in Light of the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights: The Judgments of the Administrative Court of Düsseldorf of December 2010 and the Administrative Court of Kassel of July 2011

STEPHANIE SCHLICKEWEI: Denial of Individual Right to Compensation to Victims of World War II Massacre in Light of the ECHR: Sfountouris and Others v. Germany

CLAUDIA SCHUBERT: Whistle-Blowing after Heinisch v. Germany: Much Ado About Nothing?

ANTJE SIERING: Freedom of Expression in a National Context: The Case of Hoffer and Annen v. Germany

PHILIPP TAMME: No Residence Permit after Marriage in Denmark: The Federal Administrative Court in Breach of EU Law?

BOOK REVIEWS

Piet Eeckhout: EU External Relations Law (THOMAS GIEGERICH)

Duncan French/Mathew Saul/Nigel D. White (eds.): International Law and Dispute Settlement: New Problems and Techniques (CHRISTIAN J. TAMS)

Enzo Cannizaro (ed.): The Law of Treaties Beyond the Vienna Convention (CHRISTIAN J. TAMS)

Florian Hofmann: Helmut Strebel (1911–1992) Georgeaner und Völkerrechtler (MEINHARD SCHRÖDER)

Victor Kattan: From Coexistence to Conquest – International Law and the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1891–1949 (JULIA MÜLLER)

Martti Koskenniemi: The Politics of International Law (BING BING JIA)

André Nollkaemper: National Courts and the International Rule of Law (BING BING JIA)

Alexander Orakhelashvili (ed.): Research Handbook on the Theory and History of International Law (BJÖRN ELBERLING)

Lisa Ott: Enforced Disappearance in International Law (SARA JÖTTEN)

Armin von Bogdandy/Sabino Cassese/Peter M. Huber (eds.): Handbuch Ius Publicum Europaeum. Band III: Verwaltungsrecht in Europa: Grundlagen; Band IV: Verwaltungsrecht in Europa: Wissenschaft (FLORIAN BECKER)

Onuma Yasuaki: A Transcivilizational Perspective on International Law (BERENIKE SCHRIEWER)

Andreas Zimmermann (ed.): The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (KAY HAILBRONNER)

BOOKS RECEIVED