Cover

Half-title

Title page

Copyright information

Table of contents

Foreword

Acknowledgements

List of abbreviations

1 Human security and ethics in the spirit of Dag Hammarskjöld

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Focus and perspectives in this volume

1.3 Reflections on Dag Hammarskjöld

1.4 Hammarskjöld’s intellectual legacy and leadership

1.5 Hammarskjöld, the UN and the Congo

1.6 The role of the UN Secretary-General

1.7 Re-thinking internationalism: intervention, responsibility and the politics of R2P

1.8 Hammarskjöld’s credo

Part I Reflections on Dag Hammarskjöld

2 Dag Hammarskjöld and the twenty-first century

3 A beacon of hope

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The first political intervention

3.3 Major international crises

3.4 The legacy

3.5 Enhancing UN presence

3.6 Long-term development of the UN

4 Dag Hammarskjöld 1905–1961

5 Dag Hammarskjöld, the United Nations and the rule of law in today’s world

5.1 Dag Hammarskjöld

5.2 Reflections on Dag Hammarskjöld’s principles

5.2.1 Equal political rights

5.2.2 Equal economic opportunities

5.2.3 The prohibition of the use of force

5.2.4 The rule of law

5.3 The ethics of an international civil servant in light of Dag Hammarskjöld’s thinking

5.4 Conclusions

Part II Hammarskjöld’s intellectual legacy and leadership

6 Dag Hammarskjöld and the politics of hope

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Context

6.3 Hammarskjöld’s model of international service

6.3.1 ‘International service’

6.3.2 ‘The World and the Nation’

6.3.3 Substantiating Hammarskjöld’s model of international service

6.4 Two cases

6.4.1 Hammarskjöld’s Peking mission

6.4.2 The Bandung Conference, 1955

6.4.3 Hammarskjöld comments

6.5 Refining the international service model

6.6 Conclusion

7 Dag Hammarskjöld’s spirituality and the quest for negotiated peace, reconciliation and meaning

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Beyond the walls of distrust

7.3 The diplomacy of reconciliation

7.4 A practice of global ethics of human rights and reconciliation

7.5 Hammarskjöld’s retrospection of his destiny and meaning of life

8 From the unwritten manual

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Begin in the private world

8.2.1 A political primer

8.3 Every day counts, every action

8.3.1 Dialogue

8.3.2 Negotiation

8.3.3 Half-hearted measures lead nowhere

9 Hammarskjöld’s dynamic approach to the UN Charter and international law

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Legal ‘roots’, intellectual background and personal philosophy

9.3 In the United Nations

9.4 The introduction of peacekeeping

9.5 Hammarskjöld on idealism and realism

9.6 The issue of UN humanitarian intervention in peace operations, a ‘responsibility to protect’

9.7 Concluding remarks: leadership and legal development

10 Hammarskjöld, economic thinking and the United Nations

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Dag Hammarskjöld, economist

10.3 Liberal economics and the reconstruction of Europe

10.3.1 Social revolution and the Frankfurt School at war

10.3.2 Planning and the administrative vision of Jean Monnet

10.3.3 Friedrich Hayek, the rule of law, and the end of planning

10.3.4 Ordoliberalism and the constitution of economic order

10.3.5 Hammarskjöld and varieties of economic thinking

10.4 Decolonisation and the role of the state

10.4.1 Executive rule, neutrality and the administration of decolonisation

10.4.2 The limits of the liberal project: UN intervention in the Congo

10.5 Conclusion: ‘economic thinking at its best’

Part III Hammarskjöld, the UN and the Congo

11 Dag Hammarskjöld and the Congo crisis, 1960–1961

11.1 Introduction

11.2 The opening of the crisis and UN involvement

11.3 The Katanga issue and the confrontation with Lumumba

11.4 The ousting of Lumumba: new counterparts, old problems

11.5 Conclusion

12 Continuities of violence in the Congo

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The legacy of violence and injustice

12.3 Continuity and change in the Congo

12.4 Congolese independence unravels: 1960–1961

12.5 The sequel: continuing violence in the DRC

12.6 A future for peace and justice in the DRC?

12.7 Conclusion

13 Lumumba vs. Hammarskjöld

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Lumumba: a prototype, and the itinerary of broken dreams

13.3 Hammarskjöld or Lumumba

13.4 Lumumba face to face with Hammarskjöld

13.5 Lumumba names Hammarskjöld as an enemy of the Congo

14 Dag Hammarskjöld and Africa’s decolonisation

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Economic justice

14.3 Decolonisation

14.4 Intervention in the Congo

14.5 The murder of Lumumba

14.6 Operation Morthor and Hammarskjöld’s death

14.7 Hammarskjöld’s legacy

15 The Dag factor

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Into the ‘Heart of Darkness’

15.3 Cold War, hot tempers

15.4 Conclusion: defeating the spectre

Part IV The role of the UN Secretary-General

16 The ‘Suez story’

16.1 Introduction

16.2 The diplomacy of almost thirteen days

16.2.1 Monday, 29 October 1956

16.2.2 Tuesday, 30 October 1956

16.2.3 Wednesday, 31 October 1956

16.2.4 Thursday, 1 November 1956

16.2.5 Friday, 2 November 1956

16.2.6 Saturday, 3 November 1956

16.2.7 Sunday, 4 November 1956

16.2.8 Monday, 5 November 1956

16.2.9 Tuesday, 6 November 1956

16.2.10 Wednesday, 7 November 1956

16.2.11 Thursday, 8 November 1956

16.2.12 Friday, 9 November 1956

16.3 The constitutional structure of UNEF

16.3.1 Composition of UNEF

16.3.2 Nature of UNEF

16.3.3 Duration of UNEF

16.4 Conclusion

17 Breaking free

17.1 Introduction

17.2 What are good offices?

17.3 UN good offices

17.3.1 Security Council mandates

17.3.2 General Assembly mandates

17.3.3 On the initiative of the Secretary-General

17.4 Dag Hammarskjöld and good offices

17.4.1 Congo

17.4.2 The Peking formula

17.5 After Dag Hammarskjöld

17.6 Conclusion

18 Dag Hammarskjöld’s diplomacy

18.1 Hammarskjöld then, Annan later

18.2 Conflicts on the UN agenda

18.3 Lessons from UN conflict diplomacy

18.3.1 Agenda diplomacy

18.3.2 Agreement diplomacy

18.3.3 Implementation diplomacy

18.4 Success in UN crisis diplomacy

18.5 Features in Hammarskjöld’s diplomacy

18.5.1 Travel diplomacy

18.5.2 Building trust

18.5.3 Early action

18.5.4 Coalition-building

18.6 The primary lesson: the integrity of the office

19 Visions of international life

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Framework

19.3 Living constitution

19.4 (M)ONU(S)C(O)

19.5 ‘In Larger Freedom’

19.6 Divergence and convergence

19.7 Conclusion

20 EU global peace diplomacy

20.1 Introduction

20.2 The EU as a ‘Chapter VIII’ vector of peace

20.3 The High Representative: spider in the EU’s institutional web of diplomacy

20.4 The EU’s new diplomatic service and toolkit for peace mediation

20.4.1 European external action service: organisation and functioning

20.4.2 Operational strengths and weaknesses

20.4.3 The EU’s mediation and dialogue capacities

20.5 EU facilitated dialogue between Serbia and Kosovo

20.6 Concluding remarks

Part V Re-thinking internationalism

21 From ‘conference machinery’ to ‘global administration’?

21.1 Introduction

21.2 The status quo ante

21.2.1 Technocracy vs. autonomy

21.2.2 Historical experiments

21.2.2.1 The ‘functionalist’ tradition

21.2.2.2 Trusteeship responsibility

21.2.3 Evolution or revolution?

21.3 Hammarskjöld’s conception of international executive authority

21.3.1 Legal-rational authority

21.3.2 Moral authority

21.4 Hammarskjöld’s executive authority re-visited

21.4.1 Dichotomies

21.4.1.1 Empowerment vs. disempowerment

21.4.1.2 Functionalism vs. constitutionalism

21.4.2 Blind spots

21.4.3 Unintended consequences

21.4.3.1 Decentralisation and its effects

21.4.3.2 Excesses of authority

21.5 Conclusion

22 Hammarskjöld and international executive rule

22.1 Introduction

22.2 International executive rule and shadows of the past

22.3 International executive rule and Congo’s constitutional past

22.4 UNCA in the post-Cold War era

22.5 UNCA revisited

22.5.1 International law, policy implementation and good governance

22.5.2 Good constitution = good governance?

22.6 Identifying the colonial continuities in UNCA

22.7 Conclusion

Annex

23 Who cares?

23.1 Introduction

23.2 ‘Responsibility’ in international law

23.2.1 The traditional definition of international responsibility

23.2.2 Responsibility and legality: the emergence of objective responsibility in international law

23.3 Emerging discourses of responsibility in international law

23.3.1 The responsibility to protect

23.3.2 The normative status of the responsibility to protect

23.4 Re-imagining ‘responsibility’ in international law

23.4.1 The importance of prospective responsibility

23.4.2 ‘Sovereignty as responsibility’ as an example of prospective responsibility?

23.4.3 ‘Responsibility’ and the ethic of care

23.5 Conclusion

24 Libya, intervention and responsibility

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Libya and humanitarian intervention

24.3 Libya and R2P

24.4 Conclusion

25 The Arab Uprising and the rise and fall of international human rights

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Responsibility to protect and the requirement of proportionality

25.3 International criminal justice and the independence of the ICC

25.4 Conflict prevention as the overarching objective

25.5 Conclusion

Annex 1 The Secretary-General’s Annual Report to the General Assembly of the United Nations, Introduction, ...

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V

Annex 2 Address given by the Secretary-General, Mr Dag Hammarskjöld, on the Occasion of Staff Day, General Assembly Hall, ...

Index