Contents

Preface

Chapter 1

Monitoring Long-Term and Large-Scale Deposition of Air Pollutants Based on Moss Analysis

Abstract

Introduction

From Heavy Metals to Radionuclides

Heavy Metals

Nitrogen

Persistent Organic Pollutants

Radionuclides

Analytical Methods

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2

Passive Moss Biomonitoring: Atmospheric Deposition of Radionuclides – Methodological Aspects and Practical Limitations

Abstract

Introduction

Sources of Radionuclides in the Environment

Deposition of Radionuclides Studied by Moss Sampling

Possible Misinterpretations of Moss Biomonitoring Data

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3

Is Moss Bag Biomonitoring Suitable Method for Assessment of Intricate Urban Air Pollution?

Abstract

Introduction

Moss Biomonitoring of Air Pollution

Species Selection: Native and Cloned

Moss Species

“Live” or “Dead” Moss Biomonitor

Exposure Parameters Influencing Moss Pollutant Uptake

Moss Bag Characteristics

Duration and Height of Moss Bag Exposure

How to Obtain and Express Moss Bag Data?

Active Moss Biomonitoring of Trace Elements in Urban Area

Small-Scale Studies

Large-Scale Studies

Platinum Group and Rare Earth Elements

Active Moss Biomonitoring of PAHs in Urban Areas

Species-Specific Uptake of PAHs

PAH Spatial Patterns

PAH Seasonal Variability

Is Calibration of Moss Biomonitoring to Regulatory Monitoring Feasible?

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4

Nonmetal (C, N, P, S) Air Pollution: Assessment by Passive and Active Moss Biomonitoring

Abstract

Introduction

Content of Nitrogen and Ratio of N Stable Isotopes in Mosses as Biomonitors

Nitrogen in Environment

Mosses as Biomonitors of Nitrogen Atmospheric Deposition

Nitrogen Isotopic Signatures as a Fingerprint to Identify N Sources

Canopy Influence on N Content in Mosses

Nitrogen Content in Moss Herbarium Specimens

Carbon Content and C Stable Isotopes in Mosses

Biomonitoring of Sulfur Atmospheric Deposition with Mosses

Other Nonmetal Elements in Mosses as Biomonitor

Fluorine

Selenium

Phosphorus

Conclusion

References

Chapter 5

May Lichen Biomonitoring of air Pollution Serve for the Implementation of Waste Management Policies?

Abstract

Introduction

Lichens as Biomonitors

Biodiversity

Bioaccumulation

Physiology

Waste Management Strategies

Waste Management and Biomonitoring of Air Pollution

Incinerators

Biodiversity

Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements

Bioaccumulation of Persistent Organic Compounds

Physiological Responses

Landfilling

Biodiversity

Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements

Bioaccumulation of Persistent Organic Compounds

Ecophysiological Responses

Composting

Biodiversity

Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements and Organic Compounds

Ecophysiological Responses

Conclusion

References

Chapter 6

Biomonitoring of Airborne Persistent Organic Pollutants Using Lichens

Abstract

Introduction

Using Lichens as Biomonitors of PAHs and PCDD/Fs

Intra-Thallus Localization of POPs Accumulated in Lichens and Physiological Impact

Comparing Active and Passive Air Samplers with Lichens

Source Apportionment of POPs Using Lichens

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7

Comparison of Lichen and Moss Bags as Monitoring Devices of Airborne Trace Elements and PAHs

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Biological Material and Exposure

Chemical Analyses

The Role of Moss and Lichen Vitality on Pollutant Uptake

Trace Element Uptake by Moss and Lichens

PAH Uptake by Moss and Lichens

Conclusion

References

Chapter 8

Enviromagnetic Biomonitoring: New Directions in Air Quality Assessment Using Mosses and Lichens

Abstract

Introduction

Background to Enviromagnetic Research

Common Origin of Magnetic Minerals and Air Pollutants

Magnetic Methods Target Iron-Bearing Particles and Heavy Metals

Magnetic Biomonitoring of Air Quality

Biomonitoring in General

Magnetic Biomonitoring

Magnetic Air Quality Monitoring Using Cryptogams

Overview

Monitoring of Air Pollution in Urban Environments by In Situ Species

Monitoring of Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Environments by Moss Bags and Lichen Transplants

Seasonal Use of Cryptogams

Comparison between Bags of Different Cryptogams

Future Perspectives

Conclusion

References

About the Editors

Index

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