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Monitoring and Evaluation of Biomaterialsand their Performance In Vivo

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Monitoring and Evaluation of Biomaterials and their Performance In Vivo

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Contents

List of contributors

One - Monitoring and evaluationof the mechanical performance of biomaterials in vivo

1 - Nanostructured ceramics

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Test methods for nanostructured ceramics

1.2.1 Micro/nanostructural evaluation

1.3 Nanostructured bioceramics

1.3.1 Low-temperature chemical bonding

1.3.2 Why nanostructures in chemically bonded ceramics?

1.3.3 Nanostructures in the Ca aluminate–Ca phosphate system

1.4 Application field of nanostructured bioceramics

1.4.1 Dental applications including coating products

1.4.2 Orthopedic applications

1.4.3 Drug delivery carrier applications

1.5 Conclusion and summary

Acknowledgments

References

2 - Monitoring degradation products and metal ions in vivo

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Biodegradable metals: state of the art

2.2.1 The metals and their alloys

2.2.2 The temporary functional implants

2.2.3 The in vivo degradation

2.3 In vivo implantation study of biodegradable metals

2.4 Current in vivo techniques for monitoring degradation

2.4.1 Radiography

2.4.2 Ultrasonography

2.4.3 Microcomputed tomography

2.4.4 Magnetic resonance imaging

2.4.5 Blood evaluation

2.4.6 Histological analysis

2.5 Proposed new in vivo monitoring techniques

2.5.1 Monitoring local changes surrounding an implantation site

2.5.2 Monitoring systemic changes in body fluid

2.5.3 Off-clinic point-of-care implant monitoring

2.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

two - Monitoring and evaluationof the biological responseto biomaterials in vivo

3 - Imaging biomaterial-associated inflammation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Near-infrared fluorescence imaging

3.2.1 Inflammatory cell imaging

3.2.2 Macromolecular protein imaging

3.2.3 Small molecule imaging

3.3 Chemiluminescence imaging

3.4 Bioluminescence imaging

3.5 Magnetic resonance imaging

3.6 Conclusions and future perspectives

References

4 - Monitoring fibrous capsule formation

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Functions

4.3 Structure

4.4 Joint classification

4.5 Fibrous capsule formation

4.6 Diameters of single-polymer fibers and tissue response

4.7 Monitor capsule formation around soft tissue

4.7.1 Strain gauges

4.8 Glucose monitoring in vivo through fluorescent hydrogel fibers

4.9 Cellular and molecular composition of fibrous capsules formed around silicone breast implants

4.10 Capsular contracture after two-stage breast reconstruction

4.11 Graphene-based biosensor for future perspectives

References

5 - Monitoring biomineralization of biomaterials in vivo

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Biomineralization

5.3 Disruption to the biomineralization process and tissue engineering

5.4 Biomaterials for the repair of mineralized tissue

5.5 In vitro characterization of biomineralization

5.5.1 Histology

5.5.2 Microradiography

5.5.3 Fluorescent microscopy

5.5.4 Infrared spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy

5.5.5 X-ray diffraction

5.5.6 Transmission and scanning electron microscopy

5.5.7 Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and electron energy-loss spectroscopy

5.5.8 Atomic force microscopy

5.5.9 Atom probe tomography

5.6 In vivo characterization of biomineralization

5.6.1 Radiography

5.6.2 Ultrasound

5.6.3 Positron emission tomography

5.6.4 X-ray computed tomography

5.6.5 Magnetic resonance imaging

5.6.6 Optical coherence tomography

5.6.7 Fluorescent imaging

5.6.8 Raman spectroscopy

5.6.9 Multiphoton imaging

5.7 Future trends

5.8 Conclusions

References

6 - Measuring gene expression changes on biomaterial surfaces

6.1 Introduction

6.1.1 Measuring global gene expression

6.1.2 Measuring specific gene expression patterns

6.1.3 Localizing the expression of genes of interests

6.2 Considerations when measuring gene expression

6.2.1 Assumptions underlying mRNA analysis

6.2.2 Gene expression versus protein expression

6.2.2.1 Alternate RNA splicing

6.2.2.2 Posttranslational modifications

6.3 Using gene expression for analysis of cell response to biomaterials

6.3.1 Example 1: influence of biomaterials on osteogenic gene expression and mineralization in hPDL cells

6.3.1.1 Choosing an appropriate cell model

6.3.1.2 Experimental design

6.3.1.3 Gene expression analysis

Transcriptional genes

Extracellular matrix and mineralization markers

Genes not associated with osteogenesis

6.4 Gene expression in a context of skin healing

6.4.1 The skin repair process and the three phases of wound healing

6.4.1.1 Inflammatory phase

6.4.1.2 Proliferative phase

6.4.1.3 Remodeling phase

6.4.2 Biomaterials and their effect on wound healing: a practical example

6.4.2.1 Methods for in vivo gene expression analysis

In situ hybridization and inflammation

Proliferative phase and microarrays

Remodeling phase of healing and RT-qPCR

6.5 Future trends/conclusions

References

Three - Monitoring and evaluation of functional biomaterial performance in vivo

7 - Monitoring and tracking metallic nanobiomaterials in vivo

7.1 Metallic nanobiomaterials

7.1.1 Gold nanoparticles

7.1.2 Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

7.2 Metallic nanobiomaterials for monitoring and tracking in vivo

7.2.1 Tracking cellular regeneration

7.2.2 Biodistribution monitoring of metallic nanobiomaterials to target tissue

7.2.3 Metallic nanobiomaterials for monitoring inflamed tissue

7.3 Biodistribution and elimination of metallic nanobiomaterials

7.3.1 Biodistribution and elimination of gold nanoparticles in vivo

7.3.2 Biodistribution and elimination of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in vivo

7.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

8 - High-resolution imaging techniques in tissue engineering

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Phase contrast microscopy

8.2.1 General

8.2.2 Quantitative phase imaging

8.3 Confocal microscopy

8.3.1 General

8.3.2 Confocal reflectance microscopy

8.3.3 Confocal florescence microscopy

8.4 Multiphoton microscopy

8.4.1 General

8.4.2 Two-photon fluorescence microscopy

8.4.3 Second harmonic generation microscopy

8.5 Optical coherence tomography

8.5.1 General

8.5.2 Structural imaging

8.5.3 Polarization sensitive OCT

8.5.4 Optical coherence elastography

8.5.5 Doppler optical coherence tomography

8.5.6 Speckle variance optical coherence tomography

8.6 Photoacoustic microscopy

8.6.1 General

8.6.2 Acoustic resolution photoacoustic microscopy

8.6.3 Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy

8.7 Raman spectroscopy

8.7.1 General

8.7.2 Cell analysis with Raman spectroscopy

8.7.3 Biomaterial analysis with Raman spectroscopy

8.8 Multimodality imaging

8.9 Perspectives

8.10 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

9 - Magnetic resonance imaging monitoring of cartilage tissue engineering in vivo

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Cartilage

9.3 Cartilage tissue engineering

9.3.1 Cells

9.3.2 Scaffold

9.3.3 Signaling molecules and growth factors

9.3.4 Growth conditions

9.4 Animal models in cartilage tissue engineering

9.5 Tissue assessment

9.6 Magnetic resonance imaging

9.7 Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of tissue-engineering cartilage in vivo

9.8 Future directions

References

10 - Noninvasive optical imaging of stem cell differentiation in biomaterials using photonic crystal surfaces

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Motivation for noninvasive optical imaging of stem cells in vitro: adhesion phenotyping of stem cell differentiation

10.2.1 Material-based approaches to regulate stem cell fate decisions in vitro

10.2.2 Challenges associated with in vitro control of stem cell fate decisions

10.2.3 Adhesion phenotyping of stem cells

10.2.4 Noninvasive optical imaging as a potential new tool of stem cell characterization

10.3 History: optical imaging of cells using photonic crystal enhanced microscopy (PCEM)

10.3.1 Basic principles of PCEM

10.3.2 Optical imaging of live cells using PCEM (Cunningham group publications)

10.4 PCEM imaging of stem cell differentiation

10.5 Conclusions and future outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Index

A

B

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D

E

F

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H

I

J

K

M

N

O

P

Q

R

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U

X

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