Chapter
2.3 EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF PLANTS AND MYCORRHIZAS
2.4 COEVOLUTION OF PLANTS, MYCORRHIZAS, AND PHOTOSYNTHATE-DRIVEN WEATHERING AND PEDOGENESIS
2.5 FEEDBACK BETWEEN PLANT-DRIVEN PEDOGENESIS, GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, AND THE EVOLUTION OF PLANTS AND MYCORRHIZAL FUNCTIONING
3 - Role of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Mineral Weathering and Nutrient Mining from Soil Parent Material
3.2 MECHANISMS OF MINERAL WEATHERING
3.3 FUNGAL WEATHERING IN THE LABORATORY
3.4 FROM LABORATORY TO FIELD
3.4.1 Historical Weathering Markers
3.4.3 Mineral Incubations
3.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
4 - Mycorrhizal Interactions With Climate, Soil Parent Material, and Topography
4.2 MYCORRHIZAL INTERACTIONS WITH CLIMATE
4.2.1 Environmental Predictors of Mycorrhizas
4.2.2 Distribution of Soil Orders and Mycorrhizas Corresponds to Climate
4.2.3 Climatic and Mycorrhizal Mediation of Decomposition
4.3 MYCORRHIZAL INTERACTIONS WITH PARENT MATERIAL
4.3.1 Soil Phosphorus Dynamics
4.3.2 Physicochemical Properties of Soil Parent Material
4.3.3 Mycorrhizas as a Weathering Agent
4.4 MYCORRHIZAL INTERACTIONS WITH TOPOGRAPHY
4.4.1 Topography Influences on Physical Conditions and Processes
4.4.2 Topography Influences Disturbance Regimes
4.4.3 Mycorrhizas Mediate Geomorphology
5 - Mycorrhizas Across Successional Gradients
5.2 SUCCESSION IN MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES
5.3.1 The Changing Soil Abiotic Environment during Primary Succession
5.3.2 The Changing Soil Abiotic Environment during Secondary Succession
5.3.2.1 Key Soil Abiotic Factors that Regulate Mycorrhizal Community Composition
5.3.2.1.1 SOIL NUTRIENTS: NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
5.4.1 Plant Community Assembly
5.4.2 Do Changing Plant Communities Drive Fungal Communities?
5.4.3 Plant Host Specificity As a Driver of Changes in Fungal Communities
5.4.3.1 Host-Specific Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Species: A Paradox?
5.5.1 Fungal Community Assembly
5.5.1.1 Dispersal Limitations
5.5.1.2 Rapid Root Colonization, Fungal Competition, and Priority Effects
5.6.1 Toward a General Model of Mycorrhizal Fungal Succession: Integrating Drivers
5.6.1.1 Nitrogen and the Interacting Drivers Hypothesis
5.6.1.2 Interacting Drivers Hypothesis Linking Plant and Fungal Communities
5.6.1.3 Shifts in Fungal Communities Depend on Scale
5.6.1.3.1 TIME SCALE: PEDOGENESIS
5.6.1.3.2 SPATIAL SCALE: FROM ROOT TIPS TO CONTINENTAL SCALES
5.6.1.4 Advancing Mycorrhizal Community Ecology with Well-Suited Approaches and Tools
5.6.2 Outstanding Questions and Conclusions
II - MYCORRHIZAL MEDIATION OF SOIL FERTILITY
6 - Introduction: Perspectives on Mycorrhizas and Soil Fertility
6.2 CONTRIBUTIONS OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI TO SOIL FERTILITY
6.2.1 Contributions of Mycorrhizal Fungi to Soil Biological Fertility
6.2.2 Contributions of Mycorrhizal Fungi to Soil Chemical Fertility
6.2.3 Contributions of Mycorrhizal Fungi to Soil Physical Fertility
6.3 SOIL FERTILITY INFLUENCES MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
6.3.1 Mycorrhizal Function in Agricultural Ecosystems
6.3.2 Mycorrhizal Function in Forest Ecosystems
6.4 PRINCIPLES FOR MANAGEMENT OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI FOR SOIL FERTILITY
7 - Fungal and Plant Tools for the Uptake of Nutrients in Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: A Molecular View
7.2 NITROGEN NUTRITION WITHIN ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS
7.3 PHOSPHATE TRANSPORT IN ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS
7.4 SULFUR METABOLISM AND ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS
7.5 FROM ROOT TO SHOOT AND BACK: EVIDENCE FOR A SYSTEMIC SIGNALING AND GENE REGULATION IN MYCORRHIZAL PLANTS
7.6 PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS
8 - Accessibility of Inorganic and Organic Nutrients for Mycorrhizas
8.1.1 Nitrogen Availability
8.1.2 Phosphorus Availability
8.2 MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHATE AND NITRATE IONS TO ROOTS
8.3 INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN ACQUISITION BY ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
8.4 INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN ACQUISITION BY ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
8.5 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND ORGANIC NUTRIENT FORMS
8.6 ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND ORGANIC NUTRIENT FORMS
8.6.1 Evidence From Genome Analysis
8.6.2 Evidence From Field and Microcosm Studies
8.6.3 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Organic Phosphorus Sources
9 - Mycorrhizas as Nutrient and Energy Pumps of Soil Food Webs: Multitrophic Interactions and Feedbacks
9.1.1 Mycorrhizas and Net Primary Productivity
9.1.2 Mycorrhizas and Plant–Soil Feedback
9.2 MYCORRHIZAS AND SAPROTROPHS
9.3 MYCORRHIZAS AND HERBIVORES
9.4 MYCORRHIZAS AND FUNGIVORES
9.5 MYCORRHIZAS AND BACTERIVORES
9.6 MYCORRHIZAS AND HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS
10 - Implications of Past, Current, and Future Agricultural Practices for Mycorrhiza-Mediated Nutrient Flux
10.2 AGRICULTURE IN THE PAST
10.3.3 Changes in Soils and Plants
10.4 AGRICULTURE IN THE FUTURE
10.4.2 Bioactive Molecules
11 - Integrating Ectomycorrhizas Into Sustainable Management of Temperate Forests
11.2.1 Rotation Age: Frequency of Harvesting
11.2.2 Large Openings: Clearcuts
11.2.3 Aggregated Retention
11.2.4 Dispersed Green-Tree Retention
11.2.6 Importance of Mycorrhizal Networks
11.2.7 Coarse Woody Debris
11.3 STAND REESTABLISHMENT
11.3.1 Is a Change in Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community Immediately After Commercial Harvesting Likely to Affect Forest Resilience?
11.3.2 Timing of Planting
11.3.3 Site Preparation and Broadcast Burning
11.3.4 Herbicide or Heat Treatment
11.4.1 Inoculation: Is Worth it?
11.4.2 Assisted Migration: Seed Sources
11.4.3 Planting of Single-Species Versus Mixed Stands
11.5.3 Prescribed Burning
12 - Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil Fertility Amidst Nitrogen Eutrophication and Climate Change
12.2 MECHANISMS OF MYCORRHIZAL NUTRITION AND STOICHIOMETRY
12.3 NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI: THE BASICS
12.3.1 Plant Uptake Model
12.3.2 Soil Availability Model
12.3.3 Nutrient Forms and Availability
12.4 MYCORRHIZAS AND GLOBAL CHANGE
12.4.1 Impacts of Increasing Carbon Dioxide
12.4.2 Temperature and Soil Moisture
12.5 MYCORRHIZAS AND NITROGEN DEPOSITION
12.6 WHAT IS NEEDED? A STOICHIOMETRIC CHALLENGE
III - MYCORRHIZAL MEDIATION OF SOIL STRUCTURE ANDSOIL-PLANT WATER RELATIONS
13 - Introduction: Mycorrhizas and Soil Structure, Moisture, and Salinity
14 - Mycorrhizas and Soil Aggregation
14.1 INTRODUCTION: SOIL AGGREGATION, ITS COMPONENT PROCESSES, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SOIL STRUCTURE
14.2 EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MYCORRHIZAS IN SOIL AGGREGATION
14.2.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
14.2.2 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
14.2.3 Other Mycorrhizal Types
14.3 MECHANISMS OF SOIL AGGREGATION
14.3.1 Biophysical Mechanisms
14.3.2 Biochemical Mechanisms
14.3.3 Biological Interaction Mechanisms
14.4 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF MYCORRHIZAS
14.4.1 In Relation to Other Biota
14.4.2 Across Different Settings
14.5 AVENUES AND NEEDS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
14.5.2 Relative Importance and Greater Coverage of Ecosystem Types
14.5.3 Conceptual Advances: Functions and Ecosystem Engineering
15 - Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Salinity
15.2 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND SALT STRESS
15.3 SALINITY IN COMBINATION WITH DROUGHT AND WARMING
15.4 STUDIES OF SALINITY RESPONSES OF INDIGENOUS ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
15.5 PLANT ROOT PROPERTIES, MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND SALINITY STRESS
15.6 SIGNALING, MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI, AND SALINITY STRESS
15.7 TRIPARTITE INTERACTIONS AND SALINITY STRESS
15.8 AGRONOMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF USING MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN SALINE FIELDS
15.9 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
16 - Mycorrhizas, Drought, and Host-Plant Mortality
16.2 MYCORRHIZAS, PLANTS, AND DROUGHT
16.2.1 Effects of Drought on Mycorrhizas
16.2.2 Mycorrhizas and Host-Plant Drought Tolerance
16.2.3 Conclusions and Suggested Directions for Future Research
16.3 DROUGHT-RELATED HOST MORTALITY AND CONSEQUENCES FOR MYCORRHIZAS
16.3.1 Pinyon Pine Mortality and Mycorrhizas
16.3.2 Implications for Other Ecosystems
17 - Soil Water Retention and Availability as Influenced by Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Consequences for Individual Plants, Communities, and Ecosystems
17.2 INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION ON SOIL HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES
17.3 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL INFLUENCE ON SOIL HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES: REVIEW OF PUBLISHED EVIDENCE
17.3.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
17.3.2 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
17.3.3 Long-Term Field Studies
17.4 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL ROLE IN HYDRAULIC REDISTRIBUTION AND HYDRAULIC CONNECTIVITY IN THE VADOSE ZONE
17.5 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL ROLE IN REDUCING SOIL EROSION
17.6 CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIVIDUAL PLANTS, COMMUNITIES, AND ECOSYSTEMS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS RESPONSE TO GLOBAL CHANGE
17.7 KNOWLEDGE GAPS, RESEARCH NEEDS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
18 - Mycorrhizal Networks and Forest Resilience to Drought
18.3 THE ROLE OF MYCORRHIZAS IN WATER UPTAKE
18.4 MYCORRHIZAL NETWORKS AND THEIR ROLE IN HYDRAULIC REDISTRIBUTION AND DROUGHT RESPONSES
18.6 THE ROLE OF DROUGHT IN GLOBAL FOREST DECLINE
18.7 CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS FOR DROUGHT EFFECTS ON FORESTS AND THE DOMINO EFFECT
18.8 INCORPORATING MYCORRHIZAL NETWORKS IN FOREST MANAGEMENT
18.9 KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
IV - MYCORRHIZAL MEDIATION OF ECOSYSTEM CARBON FLUXES AND SOIL CARBON STORAGE
19 - Introduction: Mycorrhizas and the Carbon Cycle
19.2 THE KEY ROLE OF THE SOM IN SOIL PROCESSES
19.3 POSITION OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI WITHIN THE SOIL FOOD WEBS
19.4 MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS AND THE SOIL C CYCLING
19.5 FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY IN MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSES WITH RESPECT TO C CYCLING
19.5.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
19.5.3 Ericoid Mycorrhiza
19.6 OPEN QUESTIONS, EXPERIMENTAL CHALLENGES
20 - Carbon and Energy Sources of Mycorrhizal Fungi: Obligate Symbionts or Latent Saprotrophs?
20.2 TWO CONCEPTS OF SAPROTROPHY
20.3 PHYLOGENETIC EVIDENCE
20.6 ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI INVOLVED
20.7 NONENZYMATIC NUTRIENT MINING BY ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
20.8 STOICHIOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS
20.10 ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
20.11 SAPROTROPHIC CAPABILITIES OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI: THE WAY FORWARD
21 - Magnitude, Dynamics, and Control of the Carbon Flow to Mycorrhizas
21.2 HOW DOES THE PHYSIOLOGY AND MAGNITUDE OF PLANT-TO-FUNGUS C FLOW DEPEND ON MYCORRHIZAL FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
21.2.1 Mycorrhizal Functional Groups
21.2.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizas
21.2.3 Orchid Mycorrhizas and Life-Cycle–Dependent C Flux
21.2.4 Other Endomycorrhizas
21.3 HOW DOES C AVAILABILITY (CO2 AND SHADING) INFLUENCE THE CARBON FLUX BETWEEN PLANT AND MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES?
21.3.1 Abiotic Influences on C Flux Between Plants and Mycorrhizal Fungi
21.3.2 Temporal Dynamics in C Allocation
21.3.3 Community Diversity
21.4 TO WHAT EXTENT IS THE CARBON FLOW BETWEEN PLANT AND SYMBIOTIC FUNGAL PARTNERS REGULATED BY RECIPROCAL NUTRIENT EXCHANGE?
21.4.1 Evolutionary History of Plant-to-Fungal C Flow
21.4.2 Why Does C Flow Between Plants and Fungi Need to Be Regulated?
21.4.3 C-for-Nutrient Exchange: Initial Evidence Through to Current Hypotheses
22 - Trading Carbon Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Hyphae-Associated Microbes
22.1 MYCORRHIZAS AND HYPHAE-ASSOCIATED MICROBES
22.2 CARBON ALLOCATION FROM MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI TO THE HYPHAE-ASSOCIATED MICROBES IN THE HYPHOSPHERE
22.3 INVOLVEMENT OF THE HYPHAE-ASSOCIATED MICROBES IN NUTRIENT CYCLING AND CARBON TRANSFORMATION IN THE HYPHOSPHERE
22.3.1 Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria
22.3.2 Endocellular Bacteria
22.3.4 Induced Protection of Plants Against Pathogens
22.3.5 Other Hyphae-Associated Microbial Benefits
22.4 DYNAMICS OF THE MYCORRHIZOSPHERE ASSOCIATIONS UNDER FLUCTUATING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
22.5 UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS ON TRADING CARBON AND NUTRIENT BETWEEN MYCORRHIZAS AND HYPHAE-ASSOCIATED MICROBES
23 - Immobilization of Carbon in Mycorrhizal Mycelial Biomass and Secretions
23.2 MYCELIAL BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND TURNOVER
23.2.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
23.2.2 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
23.2.3 Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungi
23.2.5 Biomass Recycling and Decomposition by Mycorrhizal Fungi
23.3 SECRETIONS OF MYCORRHIZAL MYCELIA
23.4 NECROMASS PROPERTIES AND DECOMPOSITION
23.4.1 Mycorrhizal Fungal Necromass Decomposition
23.4.2 Effects of Mycorrhizal Tissue Quality
23.5 INCORPORATION INTO STABLE CARBON
23.5.1 Sequestration of Carbon Into Secondary Minerals
23.5.2 Sequestration of Carbon Into Soil Organic Matter
24 - Mycorrhizal Interactions With Saprotrophs and Impact on Soil Carbon Storage
24.1.1 How Different Are Roots and Mycorrhizal Fungi in Relation to Saprotrophs?
24.1.2 Mycorrhizal Effects on Soil Organic Matter
24.2 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AS A SOURCE OF C IN SOIL
24.2.1 Provision of Labile C to Microbial Saprotrophs
24.2.2 Importance in Different Mycorrhizal Fungi and Effect on Soil Organic Carbon
24.3 COMPETITION FOR NUTRIENTS AND HABITAT
24.3.1 Organic Nutrient Uptake
24.4 INTERACTIONS AMONG MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI, SOIL FAUNA, AND SOIL ORGANIC CARBON
25 - Biochar—Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Interaction in Temperate Soils
25.2 BIOCHAR AND MYCORRHIZAS
25.3 BIOCHAR INFLUENCES MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION VIA ITS EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES
25.3.5 Mycorrhizal Fungal Refugia
25.3.6 Organic Inhibitors and Signals
25.4 BIOCHAR INFLUENCES PLANT RESPONSE TO MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION VIA ITS IMPACT ON THE LEVEL OF PLANT STRESS
25.4.1 Biochar Decreases Nutrient Stress in Plants
25.4.2 Biochar Reduces Disease Severity in Plants
26 - Integrating Mycorrhizas Into Global Scale Models: A Journey Toward Relevance in the Earth’s Climate System
26.2 EXISTING MODEL FRAMEWORKS
26.3 CRITICAL MYCORRHIZAL FUNCTIONS FOR TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE MODELS
26.4 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AS TRAIT INTEGRATORS
26.5 CHALLENGES MOVING FORWARD
Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil
：Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage
Disclaimer: Any content in publications that violate the sovereignty, the constitution or regulations of the PRC is not accepted or approved by CNPIEC.
