Contents

Preface

Chapter 1

Biological Treatment of Leachate in a Submerged Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Setup

2.1.1. Hydrolytic Reactor

2.1.2. Methanogenic Reactor

2.2. Analytical Methods

2.2.1. pH

2.2.2. Oxido-Reduction Potential

2.2.3. Biogas Composition and Production Rate

2.2.4. Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

2.2.5. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

2.2.6. Particle Size Distribution

2.2.7. Heavy Metals

2.2.8. Ion Chromatography

2.2.9. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)

2.2.10. Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX)

2.3. Physico-Chemical Methods

2.3.1. Alkalinity

2.3.2. Total Solids, Volatile Solids and Fixed Solids

2.3.3. Total Suspended Solids and Volatile Suspended Solids

2.3.4. COD Measurement

2.3.5. Ammonia Measurement

2.3.6. Total Nitrogen Measurement

2.3.7. Total Phosphorus Measurement

2.3.8. Carbohydrates Measurement

2.3.9. Protein Measurement

2.3.10. Biochemical Methane Potential Test

2.4. Molecular Biology Methods: Denaturing Gel Gradient Electrophoresis (DGGE)

2.5. Feedstock Composition and Properties

2.5.1. Composition

2.5.2. Properties

2.5.2.1. Physico-Chemical Analysis

2.5.2.2. Biochemical Methane Potential Test

2.5.2.3. Effect of Biomass Acclimatisation on the Yield

2.5.2.4. Heavy Metals

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Performance of the Hydrolytic Reactor

3.1.1. Effect of the OLR on VS Removal

3.1.2. Effect of the OLR on VFAs Production and Composition

3.1.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Fibers in the HR

3.2. Performance of SAMBR1

3.2.1. Effect of the HRT on COD Removal

3.2.2. Effect of the TSS on the Flux

3.2.3. Effect of the Bulk COD on Membrane Rejection

3.3. Performance of SAMBR2

3.3.1. Effect of Inoculum on Start-Up

3.3.2. Effect of the HRT on COD Removal

3.3.3. Effect of the TSS on Flux

3.3.4. Effect of the Biogas Sparging Rate on COD Rejection

3.4. Performance of the AMBR

3.4.1. Effect of the HRT on Nitrification

3.4.2. Effect of the HRT on the TSS, VSS, FSS, pH and Flux

3.4.3. Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX)

3.4.4. Particle Size Distribution

3.5. Salts

3.5.1. Introduction

3.5.2. Sodium

3.5.3. Potassium

3.5.4. Magnesium

3.5.5. Calcium

3.5.6. Phosphate

3.6. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)

3.6.1. Introduction

3.7. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry

3.7.1. Introduction

3.7.2. HR Effluent

3.7.3. SAMBR1 and 2 Permeates

3.7.4. SAMBR2 and AMBR Permeates

3.7.5. Phthalates and Plasticizers

3.8. Denaturing Gel Gradient Electrophoresis (DGGE)

3.8.1. Archaea

3.8.2. Bacteria

3.8.3. Ammonia - Oxidisers

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2

Ceramic Raschig Rings–Improving Removal of Organic Compounds from Landfill Leachate by Peozone (O3/H2O2)

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Landfill Leachate

Analytical Methods

Experimental Apparatus

*.O3/H2O2 Experiment

*. O3/H2O2/CRR Experiments

Results and Discussion

Effect of Initial pH

Effect of Reaction Time

Effects of CRR

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3

Phytoremediation of Municipal Landfill Leachate in Constructed Wetland: Toxicological Characteristics and Potential Impacts on the Environment

Abstract

1. Phytoremedfiation and Constructed Wetland

2. COD and Color Removal

3. Nutrient Removal

3.1. Ammonia Nitrogen

3.1.1. Toxicity of Ammonia

3.2. Phosphorus

4. Phenols

4.1. Toxicity of Phenols

5. Heavy Metals

5.1. Toxicity of Metallic Elements

6. Removal Mechanisms

7. Plant Density

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

About the Author

Chapter 4

The Induction of Micronuclei and Nuclear Abnormalities in Peripheral Erythrocytes of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Following Exposure to Sawmill Wood Leachate

Abstract

1. Introduction

1.1. Wood Waste Management in Nigeria

1.2. Characteristics of Sawdust Leachate

1.2.1. pH

1.2.2. Cellulose and Lignin

1.2.3. Tannin

1.2.4. Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand

1.2.5. Resin Acids

1.2.6. Heavy Metals

1.3. Toxicity of Sawdust Leachate

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Site and Wood Leachate Collection

2.2. Physicochemical Parameter and Heavy Metal Analyses of Wood Leachate

2.3. Animal and Experimental Design

2.4. Acute Toxicity Bioassay and Assessment of Quantal Response (Mortality)

2.5. Exposure to Sub-Lethal Concentrations and

Micronucleus Analysis

2.6. Statistical Analysis

3. Results

3.1. Physicochemical Parameter and Heavy Metal Analyses of Sawmill Wood Leachate

3.2. Acute toxicity and Assessment of Quantal Response (Mortality)

3.3. Micronucleus and Abnormal Nuclear Formation in Peripheral Erythrocytes of C. gariepinus

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Biographical Sketch

Index

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