Chapter
1.1.12. Deep Solar Activity Minimum 2007-2009: Solar Wind Properties and Major Effects on the Terrestrial Magnetosphere
1.1.13. Seasonal and Diurnal Variation of Geomagnetic Activity: Russell-Mcpherron Effect during Different IMF Polarity and/or Extreme Solar Wind Conditions
1.1.14. Solar Activity Dependence of Total Electron Content Derived from GPS Observations over Mbarara
1.1.15. Changes in Solar Wind–Magnetosphere Coupling with Solar Cycle, Season, and Time Relative to Stream Interfaces
1.1.16. Energy Coupling during the August 2011 Magnetic Storm
1.1.17. Energy Transfer across the Magnetopause for Northward and Southward Interplanetary Magnetic Fields
1.1.18. Solar Cycle Variations in Polar Cap Area Measured by the Superdarn Radars
1.1.19. PC Index as a Proxy of the Solar Wind Energy That Entered into the Magnetosphere
1.1.20. The Solar Cycle Variation of Plasma Parameters in Equatorial and Mid Latitudinal Areas during 2005–2010
1.1.21. Global and Comprehensive Analysis of the Inner Magnetosphere as a Coupled System
1.2. Solar Wind–Magnetosphere–Ionosphere Coupling: Diurnal, Semi-Annual, and Solar Cycle Variations
1.2.1. The Matter and Short History of the Solar Wind–Magnetosphere–Ionosphere (SMI) Coupling Problem
1.2.2. The Method of Analysis and Basis of Using Data on SMI Coupling Variations
1.2.3. Diurnal and Semiannual Variations of Total Pedersen Conductivity in Northern and Southern Polar Caps
1.2.4. Nonlinear Development of the Cross Polar Cap Potential
1.2.5. Connection with Equinoctial Effect
1.2.6. Effect of Ionospheric Conductivity at Sub-Auroral Latitudes
1.2.7. Possible Interpretation of the Statistical Result
1.2.8. Summary of Main Nagatsuma’s Results
1.3. Longitudinal and Seasonal Variations in Plasmaspheric Electron Density: Implications for Electron Precipitation
1.3.1. The Matter and Short History of the Longitudinal and Seasonal Variations Problem
1.3.2. Determination of Electron Densities in the Plasmasphere
1.3.3. Determination of Ion Densities in the Plasmasphere
1.3.4. Longitudinal and Seasonal Variations in Plasmaspheric Densities
1.3.5. Implications for Electron Precipitation
1.3.6. Summary of Main Results on the Longitudinal and Seasonal Variations in Electron Density and Precipitation
1.4. Magnetospheric Convection during Intermediate Driving: Sawtooth Events and Steady Convection Intervals as Seen in Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry Global MHD Simulations
1.4.1. The Basic Data for Events 18 April 2002 and 3–4 February 1998
1.4.2. MHD Simulations for SMC Event February 3, 1998
1.4.3. MHD Simulations for Sawtooth Event April 18, 2002
1.4.4. Summary of Main Results on the Magnetospheric Convection during Intermediate Driving
1.5. Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling and the Ionospheric and Reconnection Potentials of the Earth: Results from Global MHD Simulations
1.5.1. The Matter and Short History of the Problem on the Ionospheric and Reconnection Potentials
1.5.2. The Numerical PPMLR Method for Global MHD Simulations
1.5.3. Three Methods to Calculate the Reconnection Potential
1.5.4. Comparison of Results from Three Methods
1.5.5. Summary of Main Results of Global MHD Simulations of the MI System
1.6. Solar Wind Electric Field Driving of Magnetospheric Activity: Is it Velocity or Magnetic Field?
1.6.1. The Matter and Short History of the Problem: What Is the Main Cause of Magnetospheric Activity Driving?
1.6.3. Discussion and Summary of Main Results of the Global MHD Simulation
1.7. Dependence of the Power Consumed by the Magnetosphere on the Solar Wind Parameters
1.7.1. Short History and the Matter of Problem of the Power Consumed by the Magnetosphere
1.7.2. The Problem Statement
1.7.3. Dependence of the Power Consumed by the Magnetosphere on the Solar Wind Parameters
1.7.4. Main Results and Discussion
1.8. Magnetospheric Modes and Solar Wind Energy Coupling Efficiency
1.8.1. The Matter and Short History of the Problem on the Solar Wind Energy Coupling Efficiency
1.8.2. Main Obtained Results and Discussion on the Solar Wind Energy Coupling Efficiency
1.8.3. Magnetosheath Control of Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling Efficiency
1.9. Magnetospheric Energy Budget during Huge Geomagnetic Activity
1.9.1. The Matter and Short History of the Problem on the Magnetospheric Energy Budget
1.9.2. The Energy Budget during the Huge Geomagnetic Disturbances within the Intense Geomagnetic Storm on 30 October 2003
1.9.3. Summary of Main Obtained by Rosenqvist et al. (2006) Results on the Research of Magnetospheric Energy Budget
1.10. The Plasmapause Formation Seen from Meridian Perspective by KAGUYA
1.11. Partitioning of Integrated Energy Fluxes in Four Tail Reconnection Events Observed by Cluster
1.12. Hall Effect Control of Magnetotail Dawn-Dusk-Asymmetry: A Three-Dimensional Global Hybrid Simulation
1.13. Void Structure of O+ Ions in the Inner Magnetosphere Observed by the Van Allen Probes
1.14. Three-Scale Structure of Diffusion Region in the Presence of Cold Ions
1.15. Intermittent Energy Dissipation by Turbulent Reconnection
1.16. Extremely Field-Aligned Cool Electrons in the Dayside Outer Magnetosphere
1.17. Electron Currents Supporting the Near-Earth Magnetotail during Current Sheet Thinning
1.18. Climatology Characterization of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Using GPS Data
1.19. Modeling the Daytime Energy Balance of the Topside Ionosphere at Middle Latitudes
1.20. Some Problems of Identifying Types of Large-Scale Solar Wind and Their Role in the Physics of the Magnetosphere
Coupling of Solar Wind/IMF with Geomagnetosphere/Ionosphere
2.1. Solar Wind(Magnetosphere Coupling Function and Forecasting
2.1.1. Search of Nearly Universal Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling Function
2.1.2. A Forecasting Model of the Magnetosphere Driven by an Optimal Solar Wind Coupling Function
2.2. Propagation and Modification of Interplanetary Shock in the Geomagnetosphere
2.2.1. Propagation of Interplanetary Shock through the Bow Shock, Magnetosheath, and Magnetopause
2.2.2. Modification of Interplanetary Shocks Near the Bow Shock and through the Magnetosheath
2.3. Solar Wind and IMF Control Processes in Geomagnetosphere
2.3.1. Time Delay of IMF Penetration into Earth’s Magnetotail
2.3.2. Solar Wind Control of Plasma Density in the Plasma Sheet
2.3.3. Temperature versus Density Plots and Their Relation to the LLBL Formation under Southward and Northward IMF
2.3.4. Solar Wind Energy Input to the Magnetosheath and at the Magnetopause
2.3.5. Coupling Parameters, Driving Magnetospheric Activity under Northward IMF Conditions
2.3.6. Sources, Transport, and Distributions of Plasma Sheet Ions and Electrons in Dependence on Interplanetary Parameters under Northward IMF
2.3.7. The Plasmapause Response to the Southward Turning of the IMF Derived from Sequential EUV Images
2.3.8. Global View of Dayside Magnetic Reconnection with the Dusk-Dawn IMF Orientation
2.3.9. Northward IMF Plasma Sheet Entropies
2.3.10. Reverse Convection Potential Saturation during Northward IMF under Various Driving Conditions
2.3.11. Interplanetary Magnetic Field–Geomagnetic Field Coupling and Vertical Variance Index
2.3.12. Three-Dimensional Hybrid Simulation of Magnetosheath Reconnection under Northward and Southward IMF
2.3.13. Magnetic Merging Line and Reconnection Voltage versus IMF Clock Angle: Results from Global MHD Simulations
2.3.14. Particle Injections Observed at the Morning Sector as a Response to IMF Turning
2.3.15. Impact of Solar Wind ULF BZ Fluctuations on Geomagnetic Activity for Viscous Timescales during Strongly Northward and Southward IMF
2.3.16. How the IMF BY Induces a BY Component in the Closed Magnetosphere and How it Leads to Asymmetric Currents and Convection Patterns in the two Hemispheres
2.3.17. Simulations of the Earth’s Magnetosphere Embedded in Sub-Alfvénic Solar Wind on 24 and 25 May 2002
2.3.18. Peculiarities of Magnetic Barrier Formation for Southward and Northward Directions of the IMF
2.3.19. Asymmetrical Response of Dayside Ion Precipitation to a Large Rotation of the IMF
2.3.20. MLT Dependence in the Relationship between Plasmapause, Solar Wind, and Geomagnetic Activity Based on CRRES: 1990–1991
2.3.21. The Integrated Dayside Merging Rate is Controlled Primarily by the Solar Wind
2.3.22. Temporal Evolutions of the Solar Wind Conditions at 1 AU Prior to the Near-Earth X Lines in the Tail: Superposed Epoch Analysis
2.3.23. Bursty Bulk Flows at Different Magnetospheric Activity Levels: Dependence on IMF Conditions
2.3.24. An Empirical RBF Model of the Magnetosphere Parameterized by Interplanetary and Ground-Based Drivers
2.3.25. Sq Solar Variation at Medea Observatory (Algeria), from 2008 to 2011
2.3.26. Seasonal Variation of the Sq Focus Position during 2006–2010.
2.3.27. The Influence of IMF Clock Angle on the Cross Section of the Tail Bow Shock
2.3.28. Magnetopause Reconnection Layer Bounded by Switch-Off Shocks: Part 2. Pressure Anisotropy
2.3.29. The Plasmasphere Electron Content Paradox
2.3.30. Where Does the Plasmasphere Begin? Revisit to Topside Ionospheric Profiles in Comparison with Plasmaspheric TEC from Jason-1
2.3.31. Reverse Flow Events and Small-Scale Effects in the Cusp Ionosphere
2.3.32. Forces Driving Fast Flow Channels, Dipolarizations, and Turbulence in the Magnetotail
2.3.33. Generalized Magnetotail Equilibria: Effects of the Dipole Field, Thin Current Sheets, and Magnetic Flux Accumulation
2.3.34. Magnetotail Magnetic Flux Monitoring Based on Simultaneous Solar Wind and Magnetotail Observations
2.3.35. Stability of Magnetotail Equilibria with a Tailward Bz Gradient
2.3.36. Magnetospheric Response and Reconfiguration Times Following IMF By Reversals
2.3.37. The Influence of Kinetic Effect on the MHD Scalings of a Thin Current Sheet
2.3.38. IMF Dependence of Energetic Oxygen and Hydrogen Ion Distributions in the Near-Earth Magnetosphere
2.3.39. Evolution of the magnetic field structure outside the magnetopause under radial IMF conditions
2.4. Interplanetary Electric Field, Reconnection, Relativistic Electrons, and Electrodynamics of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System
2.4.1. The Step Response Function Relating the Interplanetary Electric Field to the Dayside Magnetospheric Reconnection Potential
2.4.2. The Effect of Different Solar Wind Parameters upon Significant Relativistic Electron Flux Dropouts in the Magnetosphere
2.4.3. Electrodynamics of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling and Feedback on Magnetospheric Field Line Resonances
2.4.4. Reconnection Guide Field and Quadrupolar Structure Observed by MMS on 16 October 2015 at 1307 UT
2.4.5. Ion Larmor Radius Effects Near a Reconnection X Line at the Magnetopause: THEMIS Observations and Simulation Comparison
2.4.6. Magnetic Reconnection at the Dayside Magnetopause: Advances with MMS
2.4.7. Peculiarities of the Formation of a Thin Current Sheet in the Earth’s Magnetosphere
2.4.8. Three-Dimensional Development of Front Region of Plasma Jets Generated by Magnetic Reconnection
2.4.9. On the Occurrence of Magnetic Reconnection Equatorward of the Cusps at the Earth’s Magnetopause during Northward IMF Conditions
2.4.10. Oxygen Acceleration in Magnetotail Reconnection
2.5. LEOPARD: A Grid-Based Dispersion Relation Solver for Arbitrary Gyrotropic Distributions
2.6. Inner Magnetosphere Coupling: Recent Advances
2.7. A Statistical Study on Hot Flow Anomaly Current Sheets
2.8. Structure of Current and Plasma in Current Sheets Depending on the Conditions of Sheet Formation
2.9. Temperature of the Plasmasphere from Van Allen Probes HOPE
2.10. Timescales for the Penetration of IMF By into the Earth’s Magnetotail
2.11. Suprathermal Electron Acceleration in the Near-Earth Flow Rebounce Region
2.12. A Statistical Study of Single Crest Phenomenon in the Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly Region Using Swarm A Satellite
2.13. A New Methodology for the Development of High-Latitude Ionospheric Climatologies and Empirical Models
2.14. The Latitudinal Structure of Nighttime Ionospheric TEC and Its Empirical Orthogonal Functions Model over North American Sector
2.15. Periodicity in the Occurrence of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Derived from C/NOFS Observations in 2008–2012
2.16. On the Contribution of Thermal Excitation to the Total 630.0 nm Emissions in the Northern Cusp Ionosphere
2.17. Estimating Some Parameters of the Equatorial Ionosphere Electrodynamics from Ionosonde Data in West Africa
2.18. A Model-Assisted Radio Occultation Data Inversion Method Based on Data Ingestion Into NeQuick
2.19. Long-Term Changes in Space Weather Effects on the Earth’s Ionosphere
2.20. A Two-Dimensional Global Simulation Study of Inductive-Dynamic Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling
2.21. Postmidnight Ionospheric Troughs in Summer at High Latitudes
2.22. Relationship between Ionospheric F2-Layer Critical Frequency, F10.7, and F10.7P around African EIA Trough
2.23. Variation of TEC and Related Parameters over the Indian EIA Region from Ground and Space Based GPS Observations during the Low Solar Activity Period of May 2007–April 2008
2.24. Dual E × B Flow Responses in the Dayside Ionosphere to a Sudden IMF By Rotation
2.25. Longitudinal Variations of Topside Ionospheric and Plasmaspheric TEC
2.26. Simulations of the Ionospheric Annual Asymmetry: Sun-Earth Distance Effect
Efficiency of Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling for SW Pressure Variations
3.1. Solar Wind–Magnetosphere Coupling Efficiency for Solar Wind Pressure Impulses
3.2. Association of Reconnection Enhancements by Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Increases
3.2.1. Dayside Reconnection Enhancement Resulting from a Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Increase
3.2.2. Nightside Flow Enhancement Associated with Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Driven Reconnection
3.2.3. The Relation between Transpolar Potential and Reconnection Rates during Sudden Enhancement of Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure: OpenGGCM-CTIM Results
3.3. Coupling of SW Dynamic Pressure Events with Magnetosphere at High Latitudes
3.3.1. Global Auroral Response to a Solar Wind Pressure Pulse
3.3.2. Coupling of Magnetic Activity in the Polar Caps with Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure and Geoeffective Electric Field
3.3.3. Geomagnetic Response to Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Impulse Events at High-Latitude Conjugate Points
3.3.4. Day-Night Coupling by a Localized Flow Channel Visualized by Polar Cap Patch Propagation
3.4. Response to Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Pulses on the Geosynchronous Orbit
3.4.1. Response of the Magnetic Field in the Geosynchronous Orbit to Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Pulses
3.4.2. Large and Sharp Changes of Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure and Disturbances of the Magnetospheric Magnetic Field at Geosynchronous Orbit Caused by These Variations
3.4.3. Geosynchronous Magnetic Field Response to the Large and Fast Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Change
3.4.4. Effect of Large and Sharp Changes of Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure on the Earth’s Magnetosphere: Analysis of Several Events
3.4.5. ULF Waves Excited by Negative/Positive Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Impulses at Geosynchronous Orbit
3.4.6. Sudden Impulses at Geosynchronous Orbit and at Ground
3.4.7. Geostationary Magnetic Field Response to Solar Wind Pressure Variations: Time Delay and Local Time Variation
3.4.8. Analysis of Trends between Solar Wind Velocity and Energetic Electron Fluxes at Geostationary Orbit Using the Reverse Arrangement Test
3.4.9. Joint Responses of Geosynchronous Magnetic Field and Relativistic Electrons to External Changes in Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure and Interplanetary Magnetic Field
3.4.10. The Analysis of Electron Fluxes at Geosynchronous Orbit Employing a NARMAX Approach
3.5. Low Latitude Geomagnetic Response to Solar Wind Pressure Variations
3.5.1. Some Aspects of the Low Latitude Geomagnetic Response under Different Solar Wind Conditions
3.5.2. On the Nature of Response of Dayside Equatorial Geomagnetic H-Field to Sudden Magnetospheric Compressions
3.6. Global Geomagnetic and Auroral Response to Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Variations
3.6.1. Global Geomagnetic Response to a Sharp Compression of the Magnetosphere and IMF Variations on October 29, 2003
3.6.2. Global Geomagnetic and Auroral Response to Variations in the Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure on April 1, 1997
3.6.3. Response of Dayside Auroras to Abrupt Increases in the Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure at Positive and Negative Polarity of the IMF BZ Component
3.6.4. Simulations of Observed Auroral Brightening Caused by Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Enhancements under Different IMF Conditions
3.7. Magnetosphere - Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Coupling during Magnetic Storms
3.7.1. Modeling Magnetospheric Current Response to Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Enhancements during Magnetic Storms: Methodology and Results of the 25 September 1998 Peak Main Phase Case
3.7.2. Modeling Magnetospheric Current Response to Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Enhancements during Magnetic Storms: Application to Different Storm Phases
3.8. Magnetospheric Vortices Associated with Solar Wind Pressure Enhancements
3.8.1. Plasma Flow Vortices in the Tail Plasma Sheet Associated with Solar Wind Pressure Enhancement
3.8.2. Solar Wind Pressure Pulse-Driven Magnetospheric Vortices and Their Global Consequences
3.9. Geomagnetic Pulsations and ULF Associated with Solar Wind Pressure Changes
3.9.1. Bursts of Geomagnetic Pulsations in the Frequency Range 0.2–5 Hz Excited by Large Changes of the Solar Wind Pressure
3.9.2. Multiple Responses of Magnetotail to the Enhancement and Fluctuation of Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure and the Southward Turning of IMF
3.9.3. Specific Features of Daytime Long-Period Pulsations Observed during the Solar Wind Impulse against a Background of the Substorm of August 1, 1998
3.9.4. Solar Wind Driving of Magnetospheric ULF Waves: Field Line Resonances Driven by Dynamic Pressure Fluctuations
3.10. Influence of SW Dynamic Pressure Fluctuations on Neutral Atoms, Secondary Rarefaction Waves, Cavity Modes, and IEF Penetration into Geomagnetosphere
3.10.1. Energetic Neutral Atom Response to Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Enhancements
3.10.2. Effect of the Interplanetary Secondary Rarefaction Waves on the Geomagnetic Field
3.10.3. Magnetospheric Cavity Modes Driven by Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Fluctuations
3.10.4. Effects of Continuous Solar Wind Pressure Variations on the Long-Lasting Penetration of the IEF during Southward IMF
3.11. Ionospheric Convection Variation, IMF Modulation and Cavity Mode, Asymmetry of Magnetosheath Flows and Magnetopause Shape, Nightside Magnetospheric Current Circuit, Sunward Magnetosheath Flows and Magnetopause Motion in Response to Sudden Increa...
3.11.1. Global-Scale Observations of Ionospheric Convection Variation in Response to Sudden Increases in the Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure
3.11.2. Interaction of Solar Wind Pressure Pulses with the Magnetosphere: IMF Modulation and Cavity Mode
3.11.3. Asymmetry of Magnetosheath Flows and Magnetopause Shape during Low Alfvén Mach Number Solar Wind
3.11.4. Nightside Magnetospheric Current Circuit: Time Constants of the Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling
3.11.5. The Role of Pressure Gradients in Driving Sunward Magnetosheath Flows and Magnetopause Motion
3.11.6. A Numerical Study of the Interhemispheric Asymmetry of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly in Solstice at Solar Minimum
3.12. Response of the Night Aurora to a Negative Sudden Impulse
3.13. IMF By Effects on Ground Magnetometer Response to Increased Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Derived from Global MHD Simulations
Coupling Solar Wind and IMF with High Latitude Magnetospheric and Auroral Activity
4.1. Coupling of Solar Wind and IMF with Auroral and Substorms Activity
4.1.1. IMF BY Control of Dayside Auroras
4.1.2. Radial Plasma Pressure Gradients in the High Latitude Magnetosphere as Sources of Instabilities Leading to the Substorm Onset
4.1.3. “Compression Aurora”: Particle Precipitation Driven by Long-Duration High Solar Wind RAM Pressure
4.1.4. Response of Dayside Auroras to Abrupt Increases in the Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure at Positive and Negative Polarity of the IMF BZ
4.1.5. Auroral Electrojets Variations Caused by Recurrent High-Speed Solar Wind Streams during the Extreme Solar Minimum of 2008
4.1.6. Influence of IMF and Solar Wind on Auroral Brightness in Different Regions
4.1.7. Fine-Scale Transient Arcs Seen in a Shock Aurora
4.1.8. Hemispheric Asymmetry of the Structure of Dayside Auroral Oval
4.1.9. Relative Brightness of the O+(2D-2P) Doublets in Low Energy Aurora
4.1.10. An Optimum Solar Wind Coupling Function for the AL Index
4.1.11. Electrodynamics and Energy Characteristics of Aurora at High Resolution by Optical Methods
4.1.12. Relationship between Auroral Oval Poleward Boundary Intensifications and Magnetic Field Variations in the Solar Wind
4.1.13. Investigation of Triggering of Poleward Moving Auroral Forms Using Satellite-Imager Coordinated Observations
4.2. Coupling of Solar Wind and IMF with Processes in Polar Cap
4.2.1. Generation of High-Density Plasma in the Polar Cap Observed by the Akebono Satellite
4.2.2. PC-Index Fluctuations and Intermittency of the Magnetospheric Dynamics
4.2.3. Enhanced High-Altitude Polar Cap Plasma and Magnetic Field Values in Response to the Interplanetary Magnetic Cloud
4.2.4. Polar Cap Potential Saturation: An Energy Conservation Perspective
4.2.5. On the Problem of the Polar Cap Area Saturation
4.2.6. Extreme Polar Cap Density Enhancements along Magnetic Field Lines during an Intense Geomagnetic Storm: Ionosphere as Matter Source for Polar Magnetosphere
4.2.7. Temporal Evolution of the Transpolar Potential after a Sharp Enhancement in Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure
4.2.8. Statistical Study of the Effect of ULF Fluctuations in the IMF on the Cross Polar Cap Potential Drop for Northward IMF
4.2.9. The Nonlinear Response of the Polar Cap Potential under Southward IMF: A Statistical View
4.2.10. A Relationship between the Auroral Absorption and the Magnetic Activity in the Polar Cap
4.2.11. Response of the Polar Magnetic Field Intensity to the Exceptionally High Solar Wind Streams in 2003
4.2.12. Simulation of the Polar Cap Potential during Periods with Northward IMF
4.2.13. Day-Night Coupling by a Localized Flow Channel Visualized by Polar Cap Patch Propagation
4.2.14. Polar Cap Response to the Solar Wind Density Jump under Constant Southward IMF
4.2.15. Transpolar Arc Observation after Solar Wind Entry into the High-Latitude Magnetosphere
4.2.16. Investigation of a Rare Event Where the Polar Ionospheric Reverse Convection Potential Does Not Saturate during a Period of Extreme Northward IMF Solar Wind Driving
4.2.17. New Evidence of Dayside Plasma Transportation over the Polar Cap to the Prevailing Dawn Sector in the Polar Upper Atmosphere for Solar-Maximum Winter
4.2.18. A Polar Cap Absorption Model Optimization Based on the Vertical Ionograms Analysis
4.3. Broadband Electrostatic Waves in the Auroral Region
4.4. Subauroral Ion Drifts and Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling
4.4.1. Polar Thermospheric Response to Solar Magnetic Cloud/Coronal Mass Ejection Interactions with the Magnetosphere
4.4.2. Cluster and DMSP Satellite Observations of Subauroral Ion Drifts: Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling along an Entire Field Line
4.4.3. Mapping High-Latitude Ionospheric Electrodynamics with SuperDARN and AMPERE
4.4.4. Optimal Interpolation Analysis of High-Latitude Ionospheric Hall and Pedersen Conductivities: Application to Assimilative Ionospheric Electrodynamics Reconstruction
4.4.5. Plasma and Convection Reversal Boundary Motions in the High-Latitude Ionosphere
4.4.6. A Comparison of the Relative Effect of the Earth's Quasi-DC and AC Electric Field on Gradient Drift Waves in Large-Scale Plasma Structures in the Polar Regions
4.5. Correlations between the Coronal Hole Area, Solar Wind Velocity, and Local Magnetic Indices in the Canadian Region during the Decline Phase of Cycle 23
4.6. Coupling of Energetic Particles Precipitation at High Latitudes with Solar Wind and IMF
4.6.1. Energetic Electron Bursts at High Magnetic Latitudes: Correlation with Magnetospheric Activity
4.6.2. Seasonal and Hemispheric Variations of the Total Auroral Precipitation Energy Flux from TIMED/GUVI
4.6.3. Seasonal and UT Variations of the Position of the Auroral Precipitation and Polar Cap Boundaries
4.6.4. Energetic Electron Precipitation Events Recorded in the Earth’s Polar Atmosphere
4.6.5. APES: Acute Precipitating Electron Spectrometer—A High Time Resolution Monodirectional Magnetic Deflection Electron Spectrometer
4.7. Geomagnetic Pulsations at Polar Latitudes and Its Coupling with Solar Wind and IMF
4.7.1. Relation between Auroral and Geomagnetic Pulsations at Polar Latitudes According to the Observations on Spitsbergen
4.7.2. Relation between Sudden Increases in the Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure, Auroral Proton Flashes, and Geomagnetic Pulsations in the Pc1 Range
4.7.3. A Comparison between Large-Scale Irregularities and Scintillations in the Polar Ionosphere
4.7.4. Observations and Modeling of Ionospheric Scintillations at South Pole during Six X-Class Solar Flares in 2013
4.7.5. Scintillation and Irregularities from the Nightside Part of a Sun-Aligned Polar Cap Arc
4.8. Universal Time Variations of the Auroral Hemispheric Power and Their Interhemispheric Asymmetry from TIMED/GUVI Observations
4.9. Morphology of High-Latitude Plasma Density Perturbations as Deduced from the Total Electron Content Measurements Onboard the Swarm Constellation
4.10. Inverse Electron Energy Dispersion from Moving Auroral Forms
4.11. Properties of the F2-Layer Critical Frequency Median in the Nocturnal Subauroral Ionosphere during Low and Moderate Solar Activity
4.12. Non-Parametric Data Analysis of Low-Latitude Auroras and Naked-Eye Sunspots in the Medieval Epoch
4.13. Extreme Plasma Convection and Frictional Heating of the Ionosphere: ISR Observations
4.14. Effects of Geomagnetic Disturbances in Daytime Variations of the Atmospheric Electric Field in Polar Regions
4.15. Photoelectrons in the Quiet Polar Wind
4.16. Latitudinal and MLT Dependence of the Seasonal Variation of Geomagnetic Field Around Auroral Zone
Coupling of Interplanetary Shock Waves, Coronal Mass Ejections, Corotating Interaction Regions, and Other Solar Wind Discontinuities with Geomagnetosphere
5.1. Coupling of Interplanetary Shock Waves (ISWs) with Geomagnetosphere
5.1.1. Response of the Dawn-Side, High-Altitude, High-Latitude Magnetosphere to the Arrival of an Interplanetary Shockwave
5.1.2. Direct Interplanetary Shock Triggering of Substorms: WIND and POLAR
5.1.3. Energetic Particle Injections in the Inner Magnetosphere as a Response to an Interplanetary Shock
5.1.4. Some Aspects of the Interaction of Interplanetary Shocks with the Earth's Magnetosphere: An Estimate of the Propagation Time through the Magnetosheath
5.1.5. Quasi-Parallel Shock Structure and Processes
5.1.6. Quasi-Perpendicular Shock Structure and Processes
5.1.7. Propagation of Interplanetary Shocks into the Earth’s Magnetosphere
5.1.8. Effect of Interplanetary Shocks on the AL and Dst Indices: Influence on the Solar Wind-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System
5.1.9. MHD Simulation for the Interaction of an Interplanetary Shock with the Earth’s Magnetosphere
5.1.10. Case Study of Nightside Magnetospheric Magnetic Field Response to Interplanetary Shocks
5.1.11. Displacement of Large-Scale Open Solar Magnetic Fields from the Zone of Active Longitudes and the Heliospheric Storm of November 3–10, 2004: 1. The Field Dynamics and Solar Activity
5.1.12. Geomagnetic Activity Triggered by Interplanetary Shocks
5.1.13. Inner Magnetosphere Plasma Characteristics in Response to Interplanetary Shock Impacts
5.1.14. MHD Analysis of Propagation of an Interplanetary Shock across Magnetospheric Boundaries
5.1.15. Nightside Geosynchronous Magnetic Field Response to Interplanetary Shocks: Model Results
5.1.16. Propagation of Inclined Interplanetary Shock through the Magnetosheath
5.1.17. Proton Auroral Intensification Induced by Interplanetary Shock on 7 November 2004
5.1.18. Different BZ Response Regions in the Nightside Magnetosphere after the Arrival of an Interplanetary Shock: Multipoint Observations Compared with MHD Simulations
5.1.19. Impact of the Rippling of a Perpendicular Shock Front on Ion Dynamics
5.1.20. Magnetospheric Responses to the Passage of the Interplanetary Shock on 24 November 2008
5.1.21. A Sunward Propagating Fast Wave in the Magnetosheath Observed after the Passage of an Interplanetary Shock
5.1.22. Nonlinear Phenomena Related to the Solar Shock Motion in the Earth’s Magnetosphere
5.1.23. Sudden Impulse Observations in the Dayside Magnetosphere by THEMIS
5.1.24. The Chain Response of the Magnetospheric and Ground Magnetic Field to Interplanetary Shocks
5.1.25. Impact Angle Control of Interplanetary Shock Geoeffectiveness: A Statistical Study
5.1.26. Rapid Enhancement of Low-Energy (< 100eV) Ion Flux in Response to Interplanetary Shocks Based on Two Van Allen Probes Case Studies: Implications for Source Regions and Heating Mechanisms
5.1.27. Statistical Study of Polar Negative Magnetic Bays Driven by Interplanetary Fast-Mode Shocks
5.2. Coupling of Coronal Mass Ejections and Magnetic Clouds with Geomagnetosphere
5.2.1. Stream-Interacting Magnetic Clouds Causing Very Intense Geomagnetic Storms
5.2.2. Modeling the Sun-to-Earth Propagation of a Very Fast CME
5.2.3. Altered Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Interaction at Low Mach Numbers: Coronal Mass Ejections
5.2.4. Effects on the Distant Geomagnetic Tail of a Fivefold Density Drop in the Inner Sheath Region of a Magnetic Cloud: A Joint Wind–ACE Study
5.2.5. Interplanetary Origins of November 2004 Superstorms
5.2.6. Moderate Geomagnetic Storm (21–22 January 2005) Triggered by an Outstanding CME Viewed via Energetic Neutral Atoms
5.2.7. Relationship between Dst(min) Magnitudes and Characteristics of ICMEs
5.2.8. Statistical Properties and Geoefficiency of ICME and Their Sheaths during Intense Geomagnetic Storms
5.2.9. Features of the Interaction of ICMEs/MCs with the Earth's Magnetosphere
5.2.10. Steep Plasma Depletion in Dayside Polar Cap during a CME-Driven Magnetic Storm
5.2.11. An Extreme CME and Consequences for the Magnetosphere and Earth
5.2.12. Storm Time Evolution of ELF/VLF Waves Observed by DEMETER Satellite
5.2.13. Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling Efficiency during Ejecta and Sheath-Driven Geomagnetic Storms
5.3. Coupling of Corotating Interaction Regions with Geomagnetosphere
5.3.1. Empirical Modeling of a CIR‐Driven Magnetic Storm
5.3.2. Geomagnetic and Auroral Activity Driven by Corotating Interaction Regions during the Declining Phase of Solar Cycle 23
5.3.3. The Influence of Corotating Interaction Region (CIR) Driven Geomagnetic Storms on the Development of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) over Wide Range of Longitudes
5.4. Coupling of Solar Wind Streams with Geomagnetosphere
5.4.1. Variations in the Polar Precipitation Equatorward Boundary during the Interaction between the Earth’s Magnetosphere and Solar Wind Streams from Isolated Solar Sources
5.4.2. The Properties of Two Solar Wind High Speed Streams and Related Geomagnetic Activity during the Declining Phase of Solar Cycle 23
5.4.3. Response of the Polar Magnetic Field Intensity to the Exceptionally High Solar Wind Streams in 2003
5.4.4. Inner Magnetospheric Heavy Ion Composition during High-Speed Stream-Driven Storms
5.5. Coupling of Interplanetary Shocks and Coronal Mass Ejections with Geomagnetosphere
5.5.1. The Magnetospheric and Ionospheric Response to a Very Strong Interplanetary Shock and Coronal Mass Ejection
5.5.2. Low-Latitude Geomagnetic Response to the Interplanetary Conditions during Very Intense Magnetic Storms
5.5.3. Magnetosphere Response to the 2005 and 2006 Extreme Solar Events as Observed by the Cluster and Double Star Spacecraft
5.5.4. Geomagnetic Storms Caused by Shocks and ICMEs
5.6. Coupling of Coronal Mass Ejections and Corotating Interaction Regions with Geomagnetosphere
5.6.1. Motivation and Short History of the Problem
5.6.5. Illustration from Two Selected CME-Driven Storms
5.6.6. Analysis of CME-Driven Storms
5.6.7. Analysis of CIR-Driven Storms
5.6.8. Geosynchronous Data and Combined Results
5.6.9. Summary of Main Results of Lavraud et al. (2006b)
5.7. Coupling Different Solar Wind Discontinuities with Geomagnetosphere
5.7.1. Geomagnetic Activity Associated with Magnetic Clouds, Magnetic Cloud-Like Structures and Interplanetary Shocks for the Period 1995(2003
5.7.2. Statistical Study of Interplanetary Condition Effect on Geomagnetic Storms
5.7.3. Review of Interplanetary Discontinuities and their Geomagnetic Effects
5.7.4. Geoefficiency of Solar Wind Discontinuities
5.7.5. Interplanetary Origin of Intense, Superintense and Extreme Geomagnetic Storms
5.7.6. On Magnetospheric Response to Solar Wind Discontinuities
5.7.7. Dependence of Geomagnetic Activity during Magnetic Storms on the Solar Wind Parameters: Main Phase of Storm
5.7.8. Dependence of Geomagnetic Activity during Magnetic Storms on the Solar Wind Parameters: Development of Storm
5.7.9. Impact of Solar Wind Tangential Discontinuities on the Earth’s Magnetosphere
5.7.10. Interplanetary Origins of Moderate ((100 nT < Dst ≤(50 nT) Geomagnetic Storms during Solar Cycle 23 (1996–2008)
5.7.11. Very Intense Geomagnetic Storms and Their Relation to Interplanetary and Solar Active Phenomena
5.7.12. Solar Transients Disturbing the Terrestrial Magnetic Environment at Higher Latitudes
5.7.13. Statistical Analysis of the Geomagnetic Response to Different Solar Wind Drivers and the Dependence on Storm Intensity
Coupling of Geomagnetosphere-Ionosphere System with Processes in Space and in Atmosphere
6.1. Coupled Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System: Ionospheric Conductance, Currents, and Plasma Convection in the Inner Magnetosphere
6.1.1. The Matter and Short History of the Problem
6.1.2. Extended Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Model (IMM)
6.1.3. Computation of Height-Integrated Conductivities
6.1.4. Computation of the Ionospheric Electric Potential
6.1.5. Summary of Main Results of Hurtaud et al. (2007)
6.1.6. A Fast, Parameterized Model of Upper Atmospheric Ionization Rates, Chemistry, and Conductivity
6.1.7. Conductivities Consistent with Birkeland Currents in the AMPERE-Driven TIE-GCM
6.1.8. MICA Sounding Rocket Observations of Conductivity Gradient-Generated Auroral Ionospheric Responses: Small-Scale Structure with Large-Scale Drivers
6.2. Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling: Using Euler Potentials
6.2.1. The Matter and Short History of the Problem
6.2.2. Using of the Euler potentials
6.2.3. Summary of Main Obtained Results in Wolf et al. (2006)
6.3. Global and Dynamical Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupled System
6.3.1. Alfvénic-Coupling Algorithm for Global and Dynamical Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupled System
6.3.2. Exploring the Influence of Ionospheric O+ Outflow on Magnetospheric Dynamics: The Effect of Outflow Intensity
6.3.3. Global Empirical Model of TEC Response to Geomagnetic Activity
6.3.4. Simulation of O+ Upflows Created by Electron Precipitation and Alfvén Waves in the Ionosphere
6.3.5. Alfvén Wave Boundary Condition for Responsive Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling
6.3.6. Some Aspects of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Relations
6.3.7. Topside Ionospheric Vary-Chap Scale Height Retrieved from the COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 Data at Midlatitudes
6.3.8. Dominant Modes of Variability in Large-Scale Birkeland Currents
6.3.9. The Anomaly of Plasmapause and Ionospheric through Positions from DEMETER data
6.3.10. Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling Scales and Energy Dumping
6.3.11. RCM-E and AMIE Studies of the Harang Reversal Formation during a Steady Magnetospheric Convection Event
6.3.12. Response of the Equatorial Ionosphere to the Geomagnetic DP 2 Current System
6.3.13. An Empirical Model of Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) Near the Crest of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA)
6.3.14. Comparative Quality Analysis of Models of Total Electron Content in the Ionosphere
6.4. Plasma Bubbles, Fluctuations, Pulsations, Inertial Alfvén and Ion Acoustic Waves
6.4.1. Continuous Generation and Two-Dimensional Structure of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Observed by High-Density GPS Receivers in Southeast Asia
6.4.2. Density Cavity Formation through Nonlinear Interaction of 3-D Inertial Alfvén Wave and Ion Acoustic Wave
6.4.3. Geomagnetic Control of Equatorial Plasma Bubble Activity Modeled by the TIEGCM with Kp
6.4.4. Nonlinear Growth, Bifurcation, and Pinching of Equatorial Plasma Bubble Simulated by Three-Dimensional High-Resolution Bubble Model
6.4.5. Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling of Global Pi2 Pulsations
6.4.6. Nighttime Magnetic Field Fluctuations in the Topside Ionosphere at Midlatitudes and Their Relation to Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances: The Spatial Structure and Scale Sizes
6.4.7. Dual Radar Investigation of E Region Plasma Waves in the Southern Polar Cap
6.4.8. Enhanced N2 and O2 Densities Inferred from EISCAT Observations of Pc5 Waves and Associated Electron Precipitation
6.4.9. The Distribution of Spectral Index of Magnetic Field and Ion Velocity In Pi2 Frequency Band in BBFs: THEMIS Statistics
6.4.10. The Origin of Infrasonic Ionosphere Oscillations over Tropospheric Thunderstorms
6.4.11. Dust Acoustic Dromions in a Magnetized Dusty Plasma with Superthermal Electrons and Ions
6.4.12. First Three Dimensional Wave Characteristics in the Daytime Upper Atmosphere Derived from Ground-Based Multiwavelength Oxygen Dayglow Emission Measurements
6.4.13. Predawn Plasma Bubble Cluster Observed in Southeast Asia
6.4.14. Zakharov Simulations of Beam-Induced Turbulence in the Auroral Ionosphere
6.5. Geomagnetic Activity and Variations of Ionospheric Peak Height
6.5.1. Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis and Modeling of the Ionospheric Peak Height during the Years 2002–2011
6.5.2. Geomagnetic Activity Effect on the Global Ionosphere during the 2007–2009 Deep Solar Minimum
6.6. Influence of Annual, Solar Cycle, and Secular Variations on Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling
6.6.1. Electron–Ion–Neutral Temperatures and Their Ratio Comparisons over Low Latitude Ionosphere
6.6.2. Solar Control of F Region Radar Backscatter: Further Insights from Observations in the Southern Polar Cap
6.6.3. Diurnal Variation of Winter F Region Ionosphere for Solar Minimum at Both Zhongshan Station, Antarctica, and Svalbard Station, Arctic
6.6.4. foF2 Long-Term Trend Linked to Earth’s Magnetic Field Secular Variation
6.6.5. The Persistence of the NWA Effect during the Low Solar Activity Period 2007–2009
6.6.6. Spherical Cap Harmonic Analysis of the Arctic Ionospheric TEC for One Solar Cycle
6.7. Modeling of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling
6.7.1. The Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere-Ionosphere (CIMI) Model
6.7.2. A New Interhemispheric 16-Moment Model of the Plasmasphere-Ionosphere System: IPIM
6.7.3. A Regional Ionospheric TEC Mapping Technique over China and Adjacent Areas on the Basis of Data Assimilation
6.7.4. Assessment of IRI and IRI-Plas Models over the African Equatorial and Low-Latitude Region
6.7.5. Can an Electron Gun Solve the Outstanding Problem of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Connectivity?
6.7.6. Can Atomic Oxygen Production Explain the Ionospheric Annual Asymmetry?
6.7.7. Coherent Seasonal, Annual, and Quasi-Biennial Variations in Ionospheric Tidal/SPW Amplitudes
6.7.8. Day-to-Day Variability of Midlatitude Ionospheric Currents Due to Magnetospheric and Lower Atmospheric Forcing
6.7.9. Effects of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field on the Location of the Open-Closed Field Line Boundary
6.7.10. Electrostatic Analyzer Measurements of Ionospheric Thermal Ion Populations
6.7.11. Equatorial Ionization Anomaly in the Low-Latitude Topside Ionosphere: Local Time Evolution and Longitudinal Difference
6.7.12. Geomagnetic Control of the Midlatitude foF1 and foF2 Long-Term Variations: Recent Observations in Europe
6.7.13. Geomagnetic Control of the Midlatitude Daytime foF1 and foF2 Long-Term Variations: Physical Interpretation Using European Observations
6.7.14. Signal Propagation Time from the Magnetotail to the Ionosphere: OpenGGCM Simulation
6.7.15. The Importance of Neutral Hydrogen for the Maintenance of the Midlatitude Winter Nighttime Ionosphere: Evidence from IS Observations at Kharkiv, Ukraine, and Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma Model Simulations
6.7.16. Toward An Integrated View of Ionospheric Plasma Instabilities: 2. Three Inertial Modes of a Cubic Dispersion Relation
6.7.17. Tucumán Ionospheric Model (TIM): Initial Results for STEC Predictions
6.8. Energetics of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling
6.8.1. Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Energy Interchange in the Electron Diffuse Aurora
6.8.2. ULF Wave Electromagnetic Energy Flux into the Ionosphere: Joule Heating Implications
6.8.3. Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Energy Interplay in the Regions of Diffuse Aurora
6.9. Energetic Electrons in the Geomagnetosphere – Ionosphere Coupled System
6.9.1. Superthermal Electron Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling in the Diffuse Aurora in the Presence of ECH Waves
6.9.2. Electron Distribution Function Formation in Regions of Diffuse Aurora
6.9.3. A Unified Model of Auroral Arc Growth and Electron Acceleration in the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling
6.9.4. Energetic Electron Precipitation into the Middle Atmosphere ( Constructing the Loss Cone Fluxes from MEPED POES
6.10. Ionospheric Outflow in the Geomagnetosphere – Ionosphere Coupled System
6.10.1. Asymmetric Ionospheric Outflow Observed at the Dayside Magnetopause
6.10.2. The Role of the Ionosphere in Providing Plasma to the Terrestrial Magnetosphere
6.10.3. Modeling the Effects of Ionospheric Oxygen Outflow on Bursty Magnetotail Flows
6.10.4. Driving Ionospheric Outflows and Magnetospheric O+ Energy Density with Alfvén Waves
6.10.5. Evidence and Effects of the Sunrise Enhancement of the Equatorial Vertical Plasma Drift in the F Region Ionosphere
6.11. Subauroral Ion Drifts in the Geomagnetosphere – Ionosphere Coupled System
6.11.1. Hemispheric Asymmetry of Subauroral Ion Drifts: Statistical Results
6.11.2. Daytime Plasma Drifts in the Equatorial Lower Ionosphere
6.12. Geomagnetosphere – Ionosphere Coupled System and Ionospheric Density Cavities and Ducts
6.12.1. Magnetospheric Signatures of Ionospheric Density Cavities Observed by Cluster
6.12.2. Real-Time Imaging of Density Ducts between the Plasmasphere and Ionosphere
6.12.3. Density Duct Formation in the Wake of a Travelling Ionospheric Disturbance: Murchison Widefield Array Observations
6.12.4. Vertical Structure of Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances
6.13. Dipolarization Fronts and Equatorial Electrojets in Geomagnetosphere – Ionosphere System
6.13.1. Three-Dimensional Current Systems and Ionospheric Effects Associated with Small Dipolarization Fronts
6.13.2. Day-to-Day Variability of Equatorial Electrojet and Its Role on the Day-to-Day Characteristics of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly over the Indian and Brazilian Sectors
6.13.3. Characteristics of Equatorial Electrojet Derived from Swarm Satellites
6.13.4. Energy Conversion at Dipolarization Fronts
6.13.5. Enhancement of Oxygen in the Magnetic Island Associated with Dipolarization Fronts
6.13.6. Particle Energization by a Substorm Dipolarization
6.14. Checking and Using International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) Model
6.14.1. Diurnal variations of the ionospheric electron density height profiles over Irkutsk: Comparison of the incoherent scatter radar measurements, GSM TIP simulations and IRI predictions
6.14.2. Seasonal and solar cycle effects on TEC at 95(E in the ascending half (2009–2014) of the subdued solar cycle 24: Consistent underestimation by IRI 2012.
6.14.3. Seasonal characteristics of COSMIC measurements over Indian sub-continent during different phases of solar activity
6.14.4. Solar cycle variation of ionospheric parameters over the low latitude station Hainan during 2002–2012 and its comparison with IRI-2012 model
6.14.5. Variability of Ionospheric Parameters during Solar Minimum and Maximum Activity and Assessment of IRI Model
6.15. Variable Pixel Size Ionospheric Tomography
References for Monographs and Books
Author’s Contact Information
Plasmas and Energetic Processes in the Geomagnetosphere. Volume III: Solar Wind/IMF Coupling with Geomagnetosphere/Ionosphere/Atmosphere
( Physics Research and Technology )
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