Contents

Preface

Chapter 1

The Exclusion of Irregular Migrants in Europe: Past, Present and Future

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Policies Regarding Irregular Migrants in Europe: Historic Overview

2.1. Period 1848 – 1944: Revolutions and Wars

2.1.1. Exclusion of ‘Poor Aliens’

2.1.2. The Introduction of the Concept ‘Illegal Refugees’

2.1.3. In Summary

2.2. Period 1945 – 1972: The Establishment of a New World Order

2.2.1. Including ‘Spontaneous Labor Migrants’ While Excluding Laborers from Former Colonies

2.2.2. ‘Saved from Communist Regimes’

2.2.3. In Summary

2.3. Period 1973 – 1988: Oil and Other Crises

2.3.1. Immigrants ‘Stealing Nationals’ Jobs’

2.3.2. ‘Combating Illegal Immigration and Illegal Employment’

2.3.3. Expanding Restrictions Equaled Expanding ‘Illegalization’

2.3.4. In Summary

2.4. Period 1989 – 2000: The End of the Bipolar Stability

2.4.1. Expanding Restrictions Equaled Expanding ‘Illegalization’: Part Two

2.4.2. ‘Bogus Asylum Seekers’

2.4.3. From ‘Combating’ to ‘Fighting Illegal Immigration’

2.4.4. The European Community Acquires Shared Competence on Immigration and Asylum Policies

2.4.5. In Summary

2.5. Period 2001 – 2014: Terrorist Attacks and Other Safety Crises

2.5.1. ‘Securitization of Europe’

2.5.2. The Birth of the EU-Acquit on Irregular Migration

2.5.3. Policies on Two Uneven Legs

2.5.4. ‘Fortress Europe’ with Its ‘Welfare Castles’

2.5.5. In Summary

2.6. Period 2015 – Present Time: The European Crisis on Refugees

2.6.1. Caused by Member States’ Free-Riding: ‘The European Crisis on Refugees’

2.6.2. An Attempt to Uphold the EU's Fundamental Rights and Restore the European Solidarity

2.6.3. Improving Enforcement through EU Border Control

2.6.4. Improving Enforcement through ‘Outwardization’ of Control

2.6.5. Improving Enforcement through ‘Inwardization’ of Control

2.6.6. In Summary

3. Current Responses towards Irregular Migrants in Practice

3.1. The Facilitators Package

3.2. Methodological Framework

3.3. Implementation and Operation of the Facilitators Package Regarding Housing

3.4. Implementation and Operation of the Facilitators Package Regarding Healthcare

3.5. Implementation and Operation of the Facilitators Package Regarding Education

3.6. Analysis of the Urban Practices

Conclusions and Possible Future Paths of Dealing with Irregular Migrants in Europe

References

Biographical Sketch

Chapter 2

Michelle Obama: The Demonization of the Former First Lady of the United States

Abstract

Introduction

Relevant Scholarship on Michelle Obama

White Supremacy

Racism in the United States

Manifestations of Racism

Comments Regarding Michelle Obama and Melania Trump

Conclusion

References

Biographical Sketch

Chapter 3

Racism in Brazilian Soccer: Memories and Experiences of Black People

Abstract

Introduction

Soccer Players

Coaches

Referees

Sporting Directors

Conclusion

References

Articles in Journals

Books

Edited Books

Electronic Media

Thesis

Biographical Sketch

Chapter 4

Racism and Health Equity: What Can I Do About It?

Abstract

Introduction

Racial Inequity in Pediatrics

More Than Access

Implicit Bias

What Is It?

How Do I Know?

Does It Affect Care?

What Can I Do About It?

Training Providers

Barriers

Money

Time

Lack of Awareness

Tools to Breakdown Barriers

Effective Communication

Institutional Change

Equity in All Policies

Conclusion

References

Biographical Sketch

Index

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