Chapter
1.4 Synergizing e-waste initiatives
1.4 Synergizing e-waste initiatives
1.6 Sources of further information and advice
1.6 Sources of further information and advice
2 EU legislation relating to electronic waste: the WEEE and RoHS Directives and the REACH regulations
2 EU legislation relating to electronic waste: the WEEE and RoHS Directives and the REACH regulations
2.2 The EU and the environment
2.2 The EU and the environment
2.3 The Waste Framework Directive
2.3 The Waste Framework Directive
2.5 The WEEE Directive in operation
2.5 The WEEE Directive in operation
2.6 The recast of the WEEE directive
2.6 The recast of the WEEE directive
2.7 Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS)
2.7 Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS)
2.8 The Commission’s proposal on a recast RoHS
2.8 The Commission’s proposal on a recast RoHS
2.9 Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals Directive (REACH)
2.9 Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals Directive (REACH)
3 The present recast of the WEEE Directive
3 The present recast of the WEEE Directive
3.2 Review studies proposing options for the recast of the WEEE Directive
3.2 Review studies proposing options for the recast of the WEEE Directive
3.3 The current proposals for the recast of WEEE
3.3 The current proposals for the recast of WEEE
3.4 Further developments (July–September 2011)
3.4 Further developments (July–September 2011)
4 The WEEE Forum and the WEEELABEX project
4 The WEEE Forum and the WEEELABEX project
4.2 What is the WEEE Forum?
4.2 What is the WEEE Forum?
4.4 WEEELABEX phase I: standards
4.4 WEEELABEX phase I: standards
4.5 WEEELABEX phase II: conformity verification
4.5 WEEELABEX phase II: conformity verification
5 Conformity assessment of WEEE take-back schemes: the case of Switzerland
5 Conformity assessment of WEEE take-back schemes: the case of Switzerland
5.2 Approach of the conformity assessment
5.2 Approach of the conformity assessment
5.3 Scope and elements of the conformity assessment
5.3 Scope and elements of the conformity assessment
6 Eco-efficiency evaluation of WEEE take-back systems
6 Eco-efficiency evaluation of WEEE take-back systems
6.2 How much WEEE is out there?
6.2 How much WEEE is out there?
6.3 How do WEEE quantify and prioritise environmental impacts?
6.3 How do WEEE quantify and prioritise environmental impacts?
6.4 How much do WEEE have to pay?
6.4 How much do WEEE have to pay?
6.5 How do WEEE benefit from impact assessment in policy development?
6.5 How do WEEE benefit from impact assessment in policy development?
Part II Technologies for refurbishment, treatmentand recycling of waste electronics
Part II Technologies for refurbishment, treatmentand recycling of waste electronics
7.1 The material content of WEEE
7.1 The material content of WEEE
7.2 Materials and their recovery and recycling technologies
7.2 Materials and their recovery and recycling technologies
7.3 The transition from cathode ray tube (CRT) to liquid crystal display (LCD) display screens and its implications for material recycling
7.3 The transition from cathode ray tube (CRT) to liquid crystal display (LCD) display screens and its implications for material recycling
7.4 The loss of scarce elements
7.4 The loss of scarce elements
7.5 Novel materials recovery approaches
7.5 Novel materials recovery approaches
7.6 New materials and their implications
7.6 New materials and their implications
7.7 Summary and conclusions
7.7 Summary and conclusions
7.8 Sources of further information and advice
7.8 Sources of further information and advice
8 Refurbishment and reuse of WEEE
8 Refurbishment and reuse of WEEE
8.1 Need for WEEE refurbishment and reuse
8.1 Need for WEEE refurbishment and reuse
8.2 Reuse processes and their role in sustainable manufacturing
8.2 Reuse processes and their role in sustainable manufacturing
8.3 Industry sector specific example: refurbishment of computers
8.3 Industry sector specific example: refurbishment of computers
8.4 Role of the third sector
8.4 Role of the third sector
8.5 Issues in WEEE refurbishment and reuse
8.5 Issues in WEEE refurbishment and reuse
8.7 Summary of WEEE reuse and refurbishment
8.7 Summary of WEEE reuse and refurbishment
9 Shredding, sorting and recovery of metals from WEEE: linking design to resource efficiency
9 Shredding, sorting and recovery of metals from WEEE: linking design to resource efficiency
9.3 Product design, shredding and liberation of waste products
9.3 Product design, shredding and liberation of waste products
9.4 Automated and manual sorting of WEEE products
9.4 Automated and manual sorting of WEEE products
9.5 Metallurgical processing
9.5 Metallurgical processing
9.6 (Dynamic) modelling recycling systems performance
9.6 (Dynamic) modelling recycling systems performance
10 Mechanical methods of recycling plastics from WEEE
10 Mechanical methods of recycling plastics from WEEE
10.2 Introduction to waste collection and sorting
10.2 Introduction to waste collection and sorting
10.3 Methods of sorting small particle size polymer waste
10.3 Methods of sorting small particle size polymer waste
10.4 Conversion of WEEE to a reusable material
10.4 Conversion of WEEE to a reusable material
10.5 Effectiveness of the WEEE legislation to date
10.5 Effectiveness of the WEEE legislation to date
10.6 Remanufacturing using WEEE polymers
10.6 Remanufacturing using WEEE polymers
10.8 Sources of further information and advice
10.8 Sources of further information and advice
11 Pyrolysis of WEEE plastics
11 Pyrolysis of WEEE plastics
11.2 Pyrolysis processes and characterization of the pyrolysis fractions
11.2 Pyrolysis processes and characterization of the pyrolysis fractions
11.3 Pyrolysis of printed circuit boards (PCBs)
11.3 Pyrolysis of printed circuit boards (PCBs)
11.4 Pyrolysis of plastics
11.4 Pyrolysis of plastics
11.5 Environmental concerns about the products of pyrolysis of WEEE
11.5 Environmental concerns about the products of pyrolysis of WEEE
12 Chemical or feedstock recycling of WEEE products
12 Chemical or feedstock recycling of WEEE products
12.2 Characteristics of WEEE plastics
12.2 Characteristics of WEEE plastics
12.3 European feedstock recycling initiatives since the 1990s
12.3 European feedstock recycling initiatives since the 1990s
12.4 Conclusions and future trends
12.4 Conclusions and future trends
Part III Electronic products that present particular challenges for recyclers
Part III Electronic products that present particular challenges for recyclers
13 Recycling printed circuit boards
13 Recycling printed circuit boards
13.4 Costs and benefits of recycling printed circuit boards (PCBs)
13.4 Costs and benefits of recycling printed circuit boards (PCBs)
13.5 Challenges and future trends
13.5 Challenges and future trends
14 Recycling liquid crystal displays
14 Recycling liquid crystal displays
14.2 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
14.2 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
14.3 Recycling processes for liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
14.3 Recycling processes for liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
14.4 Hazardous materials in liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
14.4 Hazardous materials in liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
14.5 Recovery of valuable materials
14.5 Recovery of valuable materials
14.6 Re-use of liquid crystal display (LCD) equipment and components
14.6 Re-use of liquid crystal display (LCD) equipment and components
14.8 Sources of further information and advice
14.8 Sources of further information and advice
15 Recycling cooling and freezing appliances
15 Recycling cooling and freezing appliances
15.2 Challenges relating to WEEE refrigerators and freezers
15.2 Challenges relating to WEEE refrigerators and freezers
15.3 Requirements for de-gassing processes
15.3 Requirements for de-gassing processes
15.4 Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
15.4 Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
15.6 Techniques for separation of fridge plastics
15.6 Techniques for separation of fridge plastics
15.7 Sources of further information and advice
15.7 Sources of further information and advice
16 End-of-life options for printed electronics
16 End-of-life options for printed electronics
16.3 End-of-life options and their challenges
16.3 End-of-life options and their challenges
16.4 Consideration of EU legislation
16.4 Consideration of EU legislation
16.6 Sources of further information and advice
16.6 Sources of further information and advice
17.2 Main directives worldwide for spent batteries
17.2 Main directives worldwide for spent batteries
17.3 Methods for the recovery of metals from spent batteries
17.3 Methods for the recovery of metals from spent batteries
Part IV Sustainable design of electronics and supply chains
Part IV Sustainable design of electronics and supply chains
18 ErP – the European Directive on ecodesign
18 ErP – the European Directive on ecodesign
18.2 Trends leading to ecodesign regulation
18.2 Trends leading to ecodesign regulation
18.3 Introducing the ErP Directive
18.3 Introducing the ErP Directive
18.4 Examining the Framework Directive concept
18.4 Examining the Framework Directive concept
18.5 Comparing ErP and WEEE approaches
18.5 Comparing ErP and WEEE approaches
18.6 Status of ErP implementation and coverage of end-of-life (EoL) aspects
18.6 Status of ErP implementation and coverage of end-of-life (EoL) aspects
19 Sustainable electronic product design
19 Sustainable electronic product design
19.2 Drivers for sustainability and ecodesign
19.2 Drivers for sustainability and ecodesign
19.3 How to do design for sustainability (DfS)
19.3 How to do design for sustainability (DfS)
19.4 Sustainable materials and manufacturing processes
19.4 Sustainable materials and manufacturing processes
19.5 Examples of sustainable electronic product design
19.5 Examples of sustainable electronic product design
19.7 Sources of further information and advice
19.7 Sources of further information and advice
20 Reducing hazardous substances in electronics
20 Reducing hazardous substances in electronics
20.1 Hazardous substances and their functions in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE)
20.1 Hazardous substances and their functions in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE)
20.2 Legislative bans of hazardous substances in EEE: the RoHS Directive
20.2 Legislative bans of hazardous substances in EEE: the RoHS Directive
20.3 Environmental, technological and economic impacts of the RoHS substance restrictions
20.3 Environmental, technological and economic impacts of the RoHS substance restrictions
20.4 Differentiated approaches for the use and ban of hazardous substances
20.4 Differentiated approaches for the use and ban of hazardous substances
20.6 Appendix: abbreviations
20.6 Appendix: abbreviations
21 Examining subsidy impacts on recycled WEEE material flows
21 Examining subsidy impacts on recycled WEEE material flows
21.2 A multi-tiered decentralized reverse production system (RPS) problem
21.2 A multi-tiered decentralized reverse production system (RPS) problem
21.3 Insights from decentralized RPS case study
21.3 Insights from decentralized RPS case study
21.4 Conclusions and discussions
21.4 Conclusions and discussions
Part V National and regional WEEE management schemes
Part V National and regional WEEE management schemes
22 WEEE management in Europe: learning from best practice
22 WEEE management in Europe: learning from best practice
22.2 The waste strategy within the EU
22.2 The waste strategy within the EU
22.3 The WEEE directive and the RoHS framework
22.3 The WEEE directive and the RoHS framework
22.4 Extended producer responsibility (EPR) and polluter pays principles and WEEE management
22.4 Extended producer responsibility (EPR) and polluter pays principles and WEEE management
22.5 National waste recovery schemes: case studies
22.5 National waste recovery schemes: case studies
22.6 Summing up and discussion
22.6 Summing up and discussion
22.7 Conclusions and recommendations
22.7 Conclusions and recommendations
22.10 Appendix: abbreviations
22.10 Appendix: abbreviations
23 WEEE management in China
23 WEEE management in China
23.2 Infrastructure: collecting, processing, recycling facilities
23.2 Infrastructure: collecting, processing, recycling facilities
23.3 Informal and formal recycling
23.3 Informal and formal recycling
23.4 Contamination from landfill and incineration
23.4 Contamination from landfill and incineration
23.5 Environmental impacts
23.5 Environmental impacts
23.6 Management of hazardous materials
23.6 Management of hazardous materials
23.7 Knowledge centers of excellence
23.7 Knowledge centers of excellence
23.9 Sources of further information and advice
23.9 Sources of further information and advice
24 WEEE management in the USA and India: research and education for a responsible approach to managing WEEE
24 WEEE management in the USA and India: research and education for a responsible approach to managing WEEE
24.2 Local situational analysis of health and safety monitoring practices in WEEE recycling facilities in the US
24.2 Local situational analysis of health and safety monitoring practices in WEEE recycling facilities in the US
24.3 What are the issues for the WEEE recyclers?
24.3 What are the issues for the WEEE recyclers?
24.4 What do recycling workers expect from this job?
24.4 What do recycling workers expect from this job?
24.5 What were the observations at the ECS Refining WEEE treatment site?
24.5 What were the observations at the ECS Refining WEEE treatment site?
24.6 Discussion and implications
24.6 Discussion and implications
24.7 Recommendations to ECS Refining and similar facilities elsewhere in the US and India for tackling WEEE recycling issues
24.7 Recommendations to ECS Refining and similar facilities elsewhere in the US and India for tackling WEEE recycling issues
24.9 Sources of further information and advice
24.9 Sources of further information and advice
24.12 Appendix: interview question list
24.12 Appendix: interview question list
25 WEEE management in Japan
25 WEEE management in Japan
25.2 Japan’s home appliance recycling system: purpose and background
25.2 Japan’s home appliance recycling system: purpose and background
25.4 Cost and recycling quality
25.4 Cost and recycling quality
25.6 Economic analysis for urban mining
25.6 Economic analysis for urban mining
26 WEEE management in Africa
26 WEEE management in Africa
26.2 Volumes of WEEE imported and generated in African countries
26.2 Volumes of WEEE imported and generated in African countries
26.3 Impacts of current WEEE recycling practices
26.3 Impacts of current WEEE recycling practices
26.4 WEEE policy and legislation
26.4 WEEE policy and legislation
Part VI Corporate WEEE management strategies
Part VI Corporate WEEE management strategies
27 Hewlett-Packard’s WEEE management strategy
27 Hewlett-Packard’s WEEE management strategy
27.1 Environmental business management at Hewlett-Packard (HP)
27.1 Environmental business management at Hewlett-Packard (HP)
27.2 HP e-waste management in practice: HP end-of-life product return and recycling
27.2 HP e-waste management in practice: HP end-of-life product return and recycling
27.4 Sources of further information and advice
27.4 Sources of further information and advice
28 Siemens’ WEEE management strategy
28 Siemens’ WEEE management strategy
28.1 Introduction: WEEE as an important element of the overall environmental protection strategy
28.1 Introduction: WEEE as an important element of the overall environmental protection strategy
28.2 Siemens’ environmental business management
28.2 Siemens’ environmental business management
28.3 Significance of WEEE aspects within the product life-cycle management (PLM) process
28.3 Significance of WEEE aspects within the product life-cycle management (PLM) process
28.4 Healthcare products as an example of WEEE management
28.4 Healthcare products as an example of WEEE management
28.6 Sources of further information and advice
28.6 Sources of further information and advice
29 The history of take-back and treatment of WEEE at the Philips Consumer Lifestyle division
29 The history of take-back and treatment of WEEE at the Philips Consumer Lifestyle division
29.2 The period 1990–1998
29.2 The period 1990–1998
29.3 Implementation of a take-back and treatment system in The Netherlands (1997–2000)
29.3 Implementation of a take-back and treatment system in The Netherlands (1997–2000)
29.4 The WEEE Directive (2000–2008)
29.4 The WEEE Directive (2000–2008)
29.5 Summary and conclusions
29.5 Summary and conclusions
30 Creating a corporate environmental strategy including WEEE take-back and treatment
30 Creating a corporate environmental strategy including WEEE take-back and treatment
30.1 Position of take-back and treatment in an environmental strategy
30.1 Position of take-back and treatment in an environmental strategy
30.2 Corporate environmental strategy
30.2 Corporate environmental strategy
30.3 Product characteristics, take-back and treatment
30.3 Product characteristics, take-back and treatment
30.4 WEEE implementation, materials recycling and corporate environmental strategy
30.4 WEEE implementation, materials recycling and corporate environmental strategy
30.5 Summary and conclusions
30.5 Summary and conclusions
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Handbook
( Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials )
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