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Contents

Contributors

Preface

I Microbial Diversity in Polar Environments

1. Bacterial Diversity in Polar Habitats

Introduction

Antarctica

The Arctic

Microbial Mats

Sea Ice Microbial Communities

Effects of Climate Change on Polar Regions

Conclusions and Future Work

References

2. Archaea

Introduction and Overview

Antarctic Environments

Arctic Environments

Polar Comparisons of Archaeal Diversity

Highlights of Recent Findings

Archaea in Polar Environments and Climate Change

Future Work Needed

Summary

References

3. Bacteriophages at The Poles

Life Choices

Nutrient Availability

Phages at The Poles

Conclusions

References

4. Fungi in Polar Environments

Introduction

Fungi in Various Extremely Cold Environments

Indigenous Groups of Fungi in Polar Environments

Conclusions

References

II Adaptations and Physiology of Cold-Adapted Microorganisms in Polar Environments

5. General Characteristics of Cold-Adapted Microorganisms

Introduction

Kinetic and Biochemical Challenges at Low Temperature

Fluidity at Cold Temperatures

Macromolecular Stability at Low Temperature

Water Activity and Freezing

Subeutectic Metabolism: Residual Reactions or Survival Strategy?

Conclusion

References

6. Genomic and Expression Analyses of Cold-Adapted Microorganisms

Introduction

Ecological Evidence of Bacterial Adaptation to Cold

Gene Expression Responses to The Cold

Protein Adaptations to Cold

Comparison of Cold-And Warm-Adapted Exiguobacterium Strains

Summary and Future Directions

References

7. Metagenomic Analysis of Polar Ecosystems

Introduction

Marine Ecosystems

Terrestrial Ecosystems

Conclusions

References

8. Polar Microorganisms and Biotechnology

Introduction

Advantages of Polar Microorganisms in Biotechnology

Bioprospecting The Polar Genetic Resources

Polar Bacteria as Cell Factories

Cold-Active Enzymes in Biotechnology

Industrial Enzymes From Polar Microorganisms

Polar Proteins in Molecular Biology and Cosmetics

Hydrocarbon Bioremediation in Polar Environments

Wastewater Treatment in Cold Environments

Polar Plants and Animals in Biotechnology

Conclusions

References

III Ecology and Biochemical Cycling of Polar Microbiology Communities

9. Microbial Carbon Cycling in Permafrost

Introduction

Carbon Turnover in Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems

Methane-Cycling MIcrobial Communities

References

10. Polar Marine Microbiology

Introduction

Polar Microbiology

Microbial Food Webs and Nutrient Cycling

Conclusions

References

11. Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves)

Introduction

Microbiology of Glaciers and Ice Sheets

Microbiology of Sea Ice Communities of Polar Regions

Microbiology of Ice-Shelf Communities

Conclusions

References

IV Challenges to Living in Polar and Subpolar Environments

12. Low-Temperature Limits of Microbial Growth and Metabolism

Introduction

Microbial Sizes in Glacial Ice

Three Answers to the Question of Habitats for microbial Survival and Metabolism in Ice

Adaptation of Nonpsychrophiles to Life at Low Temperature

Metabolic Rates of Microbes for Growth, Maintenance, and Survival in Ice

Evidence that The Main Role of Survival Metabolism is to Repair Macromolecular Damage

limits to Growth and Survival of Microbes in Ice

Wind Transport and Deposition of Microbes and Dust Into Ice

Concentrations of CHL and TRP as A Function of Depth in Ice Cores

Submicrometer-Size Cyanobacteria From Ocean to Ice

Live/Dormant Tests on Individual Cells

A New Tool for The Study of Microbial Evolution

References

13. Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Life at The Poles

Introduction

Factors Affecting Life in Polar (Cryospheric) Environments

Metabolic Transitions

Climate Change-Integrating Reciprocal Influences of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on Climate and Habitat Change

References

14. Life in Ice on Other Worlds

Introduction

Mars

Europa

Enceladus

Other Icy Worlds

Conclusion

References

Index

Color Plates