Chapter
I. TETRACYCLINES AND RESISTANCE
Chapter 1 Tetracycline Resistance: Efflux, Mutation, and Other Mechanisms
TETRACYCLINE ACTION ANDMODES OF RESISTANCE
ACTIVE EFFLUX OF TETRACYCLINE
DEGRADATIVE INACTIVATIONOF TETRACYCLINE
RIBOSOMAL 16S RNA MUTATIONS CAUSINGTETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE
TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE BYUNKNOWN MECHANISMS
Chapter 2 Tetracycline Resistance Due to Ribosomal Protection Proteins
DISTRIBUTION OF THE RIBOSOMAL PROTECTION GENES
MOBILE ELEMENTS AND GENE LINKAGES
Chapter 3 Discovery and Industrialization of
Therapeutically Important Tetracyclines
DISCOVERY OF THE TETRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTICS
BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE TETRACYCLINES
SEMISYNTHETIC MODIFICATIONS AND PRODUCTION OF THE CLINICALLY USED TETRACYCLINES
EFFORTS OF THE CHARLES PFIZER CO.: THE SEMISYNTHESIS OF METHACYCLINE AND DOXYCYCLINE
EFFORTS OF THE AMERICAN CYANAMIDE CO. AND LEDERLE LABORATORIES: THE SEMISYNTHESIS OF MINOCYCLINE AND TIGECYCLINE, THE FIRST THIRD GENERATION TETRACYLINE INCLINICAL TRIALS BY WYETH
ACTIVITY OF THE GLYCYLCYCLINES AND TIGECYCLINE
II. SINGLE ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE MECHANISMS
Chapter 4 Fluoroquinolone Resistance
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
FLUOROQUINOLONE RESISTANCE IN THE CLINICAL SETTING
FACTORS FAVORING THE EMERGENCE OF QUINOLONE RESISTANCE
Chapter 5 B -Lactam Resistance in the 21st Century
INTRODUCTION OF NEW -LACTAMS
MULTIPLICITY OF -LACTAMASES
FACTORS MODIFYING EXPRESSION
CLINICAL DETECTION OF -LACTAMASES
Chapter 6 Macrolide, Lincosamide, Streptogramin,
Ketolide, and Oxazolidinone Resistance
ACQUIRED MLSKO RESISTANCE
ROLE OF MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS IN ACQUIRED RESISTANCE
Chapter 7 Aminoglycoside Resistance Mechanisms
MODE OF ACTION AND ENTRY INTO CELLS
INHIBITION OF AMINOGLYCOSIDE RESISTANCE
Chapter 8 Glycopeptide Resistance in Enterococci
THE TARGET OF GLYCOPEPTIDES
GLYCOPEPTIDE RESISTANCE IN OTHER GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA
REGULATION OF GLYCOPEPTIDE RESISTANCE
ACQUISITION OF TEICOPLANIN RESISTANCE BY VanB-TYPE ENTEROCOCCI
GENETIC BACKGROUND OF THE van OPERONS
ORIGIN OF THE van RESISTANCE GENES
Chapter 9 Phenicol Resistance
SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITY AND MODE OF ACTION
IN VITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING PARAMETERS
PREVALENCE OF CHLORAMPHENICOL RESISTANCE AND ASSOCIATED RESISTANCE DETERMINANTS
PART III. MULTIPLE ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE MECHANISMS
Chapter 10 Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance
GLOBAL REGULATION SYSTEMS
SOME WELL-KNOWN SINGLE AND TRIPARTITE PUMPS
WHAT DOES A MULTIDRUG SITE LOOK LIKE?REGULATOR VERSUS TRANSPORTER
WHERE ARE THE MULTIDRUG BINDING SITES IN EFFLUX PUMPS?
Chapter 11 Metal Resistance Loci of Bacterial Plasmids
THE METAL RESISTANCE SYSTEMS
ANTIBIOTICS AND METALS: GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS
Chapter 12 Biocides and Resistance
TRICLOSAN AND TRICLOCARBAN
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (QACs)
LABORATORY STUDIES OF BIOCIDE RESISTANCE: ADAPTATION TOBIOCIDE TOLERANCE
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF TRICLOSAN
BIOCIDE RESISTANCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
CONTINUING CONCERNS SURROUNDING BIOCIDE USE
Chapter 13 The Nexus of Oxidative Stress Responses and Antibiotic Resistance
Mechanisms in Escherichia coli and Salmonella
FROM ANNOYANCE TO INSIGHT
A REGULATORY CROSSROADS: A FAMILY OF CONTROL PROTEINS FOR OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES
CLINICAL ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND THE ROLE OF soxRS
RATIONALIZING THE REGULATORY OVERLAP
CHARACTERIZATION OF mar MUTANTS
GENE ARRANGEMENT AND REGULATION OF THE marRAB LOCUS
GENETIC ELEMENTS OF THE mar LOCUS
MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF MarA
CONSERVATION OF THE marLOCUS IN OTHER BACTERIA
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSAND CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 15 The mar Regulon
MarA, SoxS, AND RobREGULATORY CIRCUITS
MECHANISMS FOR TRANSCRIPTIONALACTIVATION BY MarA
TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION BY MarA
REGULATION OF REGULON MEMBERS:DNA-MarA-RNAP INTERACTIONS
CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL GENES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE Mar PHENOTYPE
Chapter 16 Identification of Mar Mutants among Clinical Bacterial Isolates
ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SALMONELLA
Chapter 17 Structure and Function of MarA and Its Homologs
POSITION AND ORIENTATIONOF BINDING SITES
INTERACTION BETWEEN MarA ANDTHE CARBOXY-TERMINAL DOMAINOF THE -SUBUNIT OF RNAP
MarA-RNAP SCANNING COMPLEXES
A NOVEL COMPLEX FORMED BETWEENTHE MarA ACTIVATOR AND RNAP
ROLE OF DNA BENDING IN THEFORMATION OF ACTIVATED COMPLEXES
PROMOTERS ACTIVATEDBY MarA (SoxS AND Rob)
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE marA REGULON
Chapter 18 Function and Structure of MarR Family Members
FUNCTIONS OF MarR FAMILY MEMBERS
STRUCTURES OF MarR FAMILY MEMBERS
Chapter 19 Role, Structure, and Function of Multidrug
Efflux Pumps in Gram-Negative Bacteria
OVERVIEW OF MULTIDRUG EFFLUX PUMPSIN GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
ROLE OF RND PUMPS INANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
STRUCTURAL BASIS OF EFFLUX FUNCTION
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
Chapter 20 Role of Multidrug Efflux Pumps in Gram-Positive Bacteria
MAJOR FACILITATOR SUPERFAMILYMDR EFFLUX PUMPS
SMALL MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE FAMILYMDR EFFLUX PUMPS
ABC FAMILY MDR EFFLUX PUMPS
MATE AND RND MDR EFFLUX PUMPS
PART IV. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN SELECT PATHOGENS
Chapter 21 Advances in Vancomycin Resistance:
Research in Staphylococcus aureus
EMERGENCE OF VANCOMYCINRESISTANCE IN MRSA
THE MECHANISM OF VANCOMYCINRESISTANCE
HETERO-VISA: A UNIQUE PARADIGMOF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE
DEVELOPING A NOVELDETECTION METHOD OF VISAAND HETERO-VISA STRAINS
NON-SPECIES-RELATED INTRINSIC RESISTANCE
TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE(CO-TRIMOXAZOLE)
SPECIES-RELATED INTRINSIC RESISTANCE
Chapter 23 Streptococcus pneumoniae
AMINOGLYCOSIDE RESISTANCE
MACROLIDE-LINCOSAMIDE STREPTOGRAMIN B (MLSB) RESISTANCE
FLUOROQUINOLONE RESISTANCE
TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE (CO-TRIMOXAZOLE) RESISTANCE
CHLORAMPHENICOL RESISTANCE
Chapter 24 Helicobacter and Campylobacter
ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE MECHANISMS IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN CAMPYLOBACTER
RESISTANCE IN BACTEROIDES
RESISTANCE IN PREVOTELLA,PORPHYROMONAS, AND FUSOBACTERIUM
RESISTANCE IN PROPIONIBACTERIA
RESISTANCE IN PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCI
Chapter 26 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
EFFLUX-MEDIATED INTRINSIC ANDACQUIRED MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE TO FLUOROQUINOLONES
RESISTANCE TO AMINOGLYCOSIDES
RESISTANCE TO POLYCATIONS
Chapter 27 Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella and Shigella
OTHER SALMONELLA SEROVARS
Chapter 28 Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RESISTANCE MECHANISMS
ANIMALS AND E. COLI: SOURCE OF RESISTANCE?
Chapter 29 Epidemiology and Treatment Options
for Select Community-Acquired and Nosocomial
Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens
VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Chapter 30 Drug-Resistant Falciparum Malaria:
Mechanisms, Consequences, and Challenges
MALARIA MORBIDITY AND MORTALITYIN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
THE PLASMODIUM LIFE CYCLE
CHLOROQUINE-RESISTANT P. FALCIPARUM
RESISTANCE TO OTHER QUINOLINE DRUGS
P. FALCIPARUM RESISTANCE TO ANTIFOLATE DRUGS
RESISTANCE TO ATOVAQUONE-PROGUANIL
THE FUTURE OF ANTIMALARIAL CHEMOTHERAPY
Chapter 31 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacterial
Agents of Bioterrorism: Strategies and Considerations
BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI ANDBURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI
PART V. ECOLOGY AND
FITNESS OF DRUG
RESISTANCE
Chapter 32 Fitness Traits in Soil Bacteria
BACTERIAL COLONIZATION OF SOIL: COMPETITION IN A HARSH ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 33 Ecology of Antibiotic Resistance Genes
NEW INTEREST IN THE ECOLOGYOF RESISTANCE GENES
TOWARD A MOLECULAR ECOLOGY OF RESISTANCE GENES
TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE GENES AMONG HUMAN INTESTINAL BACTERIA
BEYOND THE HUMAN COLON—ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA IN THE ORAL CAVITY
A CRUISE ON THE PIG LAGOON
Chapter 34 Resistance in the Food Chain and in Bacteria from Animals:
Relevance to Human Infections
FOOD AS A VEHICLE FOR TRANSFER OFBACTERIA FROM ANIMALS TO HUMANS
ANTIBIOTIC USE IN ANIMALS: A SELECTIVE PRESSURE FOR RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT
BAN OF ANTIMICROBIAL GROWTH PROMOTERS IN EUROPEAND ITS CONSEQUENCES
SPREAD OF RESISTANCE GENES WITH FOOD-BORNE COMMENSALS AND OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN ZOONOTIC BACTERIA
IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH: DIRECT AND INDIRECT CONSEQUENCES
Chapter 35 Antimicrobial Use in Plant Agriculture
ANTIBIOTIC USE IN AGRICULTURE
RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS
IMPLICATION OF ANTIBIOTIC USE ON HUMAN HEALTH
FUNGICIDE USE IN AGRICULTURE
RESISTANCE TO FUNGICIDAL AGENTS
IMPLICATIONS OF FUNGICIDE USE ON HUMAN HEALTH
TRENDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
PART VI. DRUG
RESISTANCE IN CANCER
CELLS
Chapter 36
Mechanisms of Resistance to Anticancer Agents
DRUG CARRIER-MEDIATED MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE
ENERGY-DEPENDENT EFFLUX PUMPS
FAILURE OF DRUG TO ACTIVATE AND METABOLIC DRUG INACTIVATION
APOPTOSIS AND DRUG RESISTANCE
Chapter 37
Development of Resistance to Anticancer Agents
RESISTANCE AND THE ROLE OF GENOMIC INSTABILITY
RESISTANCE AND THE ROLE OF THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT
EVOLUTION OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN CANCER
PART VII. POLICY,EDUCATION, ANDEXPLORATION
COMMENTARY The Birth of the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (APUA)
Chapter 38 Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics:Scientific Vision and Public Health Mission
THE COSTS OF ANTIMICROBIAL MISUSE
AN ANSWER TO ESCALATING EPIDEMICS
COUNTRIES COALESCEAND SHED THE SHAME
TENACITY AND COLLABORATION:THE APUA STYLE
APUA EVOLVES AND DEVELOPSKEY PARTNERSHIPS
ROAR: RESERVOIRS OFANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
GAARD: GLOBAL ADVISORY ON ANTIBIOTICRESISTANCE DATA NETWORK
THE APUA CHAPTERS—LOCALCHAMPIONS AROUND THE WORLD
THE FAAIR PROJECT: FACTS ABOUTANTIBIOTICS IN AGRICULTURE
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FORANTIMICROBIAL USE IN ANIMALSIN THE UNITED STATES
MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE OF
ANTIMICROBIAL USE AND RESISTANCE
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LEGISLATIVE, REGULATORY, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND PRIVATE-SECTOR POLICY
ALTERNATE PATHS: THE EUROPEAN APPROACH
Chapter 40 From Perplexing Proteins to Paratek Pharmaceuticals:One Scientific Front Forged by Stuart B. Levy
EFFLUX INHIBITORS AND THE CHEMICALEVOLUTION OF THE TETRACYCLINES
SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVES
THE BIRTH OF PARATEK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
THE PAST AND THE FUTUREOF A SCIENTIFIC FRONT
AFTERWORD Learning and Teaching: a Personal Reflection
Frontiers in Antimicrobial Resistance
：A Tribute to Stuart B. Levy
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