Abbreviations and conventions

Author’s prologue

Part 1: Introduction

1.0. Distribution and classification of Utian (Miwok-Costanoan) languages

1.1. History of Miwok studies

1.2. History of Costanoan classification

1.3. Ramaytush, Tamyen, and Chocheño

1.4. Status of Chalon and Awaswas

1.5. Criteria for classification

1.6. Holtzmann’s Law

1.7. Summary

2.0. Utian linguistics

2.1. Typology and reconstruction

2.2. The Proto Utitan homeland

3.0. Beyond Utian

Map 1: The Miwok linguistic area

3.1. The case for Yok-Utian

3.2. Utian and Yokuts plant and animal terms

3.3. Archaeological evidence

3.4. Linguistic evidence for Yok-Utian

Map 2: The Yokuts linguistic area

Map 3: The California area

3.4.1 Sound correspondences linking Utian and Yokuts

3.4.2. Canons, stem types, and relic processes

3.4.3. Relic i/a ablaut in Utian and Yokuts

Table 16: Yokuts family tree

4.0. Evidence for an Esselen substrate in Utian

4.1. Background and sources

4.2. Probable Esselen phonemic system

4.3. Rumsen historical developments

4.4. Probable loan words from Rumsen into Esselen

4.5. Direction of borrowing between Rumsen and Esselen

4.6. Probable loan words from Esselen into Rumsen, Mutsun, and Chalon

4.7. Substrate influence of Pre-Esselen on Awaswas, SF Bay, and Karkin

4.8. Residue

4.9. Evidence of contact between pre-Esselen and early Miwok

4.10. Phonology

4.11. Phonological implications

4.12. Summary

5. Future projects

Notes to the Introduction

References

Part 2: Proto Utian Grammar

6.0. Phonology

6.1. Major Utian phonological types

6.2. Proto Utian stem types

6.3. The riddle of Rumsen

6.4. Morphophonemes, morphophonemic lengthening, vowel harmony and vowel loss

6.4.1. Morphophonemes Y, H

6.4.2. Morphophonemic rules

6.4.3. Is there epenthesis in Sierra Miwok?

6.4.4. Loss with compensatory lengthening

6.4.5. Assimilation

6.5. Proto Yokuts phonology

6.5.1. Is there epenthesis in Yokuts?

7.0. Phonological developments and borrowing in Western Miwok

7.1. Sources of Lake Miwok aberrant phonemes

Map 4: The Lake Miwok area

7.2. Patwin place names of Miwok origin

Map 5: The Wintun area

7.3. Words for recent items

7.4. The development of Proto Miwok phonemes

7.4.1. Identities and near-identitites

7.4.2. Minor sound changes

7.4.3. Development of word-final sibilants in Western Miwok

7.4.4. Development of Proto Miwok *y

7.4.5. Development of Proto Utian *ṭ

7.4.6. Vowel assimilation

7.4.7. Western Miwok -m

8.0. Phonological developments in Eastern Miwok

8.1. The emergence of //Y// in Proto Eastern Miwok

8.2. Development of PMie *y in Plains Miwok and Saclan

8.3. The emergence of /ŋ/ in Sierra Miwok

9.0. The development of Utian sibilants

9.1. The development of sibilants in Miwok

9.2. Costanoan palatalization of PU *k and development of PCo *s

9.3. PCo *ṣ

9.4. Proto Utian *š

9.5. Proto Utian *ṣ

9.6. Minor sound changes

10.0. Proto Costanoan segmental phonemes

10.1. Costanoan reflexes of PU *y, PU *ṭ

10.2. Costanoan reflexes of PU *o, *a

10.3. Relic a/o ablaut

10.4. Ancient Utian stem alternation

11.0. Stems, quantitative ablaut, and grades

11.1. Proto Utian stems

11.2. The Proto Utian ablaut system

11.3. Morphologically motivated metathesis

11.4. Formation of tri-consonantal stems from longer stems in Eastern Miwok

11.5. Evolution of the Utian ablaut system

12.0. The origin of Utian metathesis and Eastern Miwok stem types

12.1. Realignment of stems in Costanoan and Western Miwok

12.2. The origin of Eastern Miwok Primary Stems

12.3. The origin of Eastern Miwok derived stems

12.4. The origin of the Eastern Miwok filler consonant /ʔ/

13.0. Pronouns

13.1. Personal pronouns

13.2. Western Miwok comitative case

13.3. Miwok first person inclusive pronouns

13.4. Development of the dual in Western Miwok

13.5. Additional Proto Utian personal pronouns

13.6. Proto Utian demonstrative pronouns

14. The Proto Utian case system

15.0. Proto Utian volitional suffixes

15.1. Etymology of a suffix

16. Increase in morphological complexity

17. An “Indo-European” type paradigm in Proto Eastern Miwok

18.0. Utian kinship terms and the status of women

18.1. Words for ‘man’, ‘woman’, and ‘person’

18.2. Utian kinship terms

19. The Utian numeral system

20. Miwok color terms

Part 3: Proto Utian Dictionary

Part 4: English-Utian Dictionary

Part 5: Mystery Sets

Author’s epilogue